Forbes Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forbes Article - Research Paper Example Bove, this could send a very harsh message to many other companies which are headquartered in Philadelphia, New York and Delaware that have a single worker in New Jersey. The article explains how the scenario of business laws has to undergo change since telecommuting emerged as a plausible form of employment for many, especially after the recession. However, the ambiguity that exists in the case of telecommuting and the taxes that are to be levied on the basis of it, addressed by the state of New Jersey, may prove detrimental to the current work arrangements set by many international companies. The best thing about telecommuting had been the fact that companies could employ people working from a place where it does not have to open an office. In cases where a single telecommuter works for a company as mentioned above, the state’s law would mean a huge loss for the company, and a threat of losing the job for the employee. The financial issues involved in the case puts both the customer and the employee at high risk, since both had to compromise a lot for a plausible work arrangement. Ms Thirumalai follows all the employment rules which involves forty hours work per week, travel at her own expense to Rockville twice a year, and use a laptop which she bought with her own money, instead of the one the company provides for the employees who work from their office. The legal case came into existence when the company acknowledged the work arrangement and the state demanded the company file tax on grounds that it maintained an office in the sate. The company refused to do this and moved to court. The Presiding Judge Patrick DeAlmeida explained how the idea of doing business is defined expansively, and the excuse that there is only one employer in New Jersey does not change the court’s conclusion which favored the state’s decision. The situation has fired up public debate through media channels and newspapers, and the company’s decision is

Quantitative marketing research Essay Example for Free

Quantitative marketing research Essay A. Market study The researchers used descriptive method because the sudy needs detailed analysis and understanding of the proposed business. Survey questionnaires served as the research instrument in gathering information about the needs and wants of the target market so that demand and supply will be determined and analysed. The result of the survey will determine the feasibility of the proposed business. The researchers will make use of questionnaires that will be give to random by chosen respondents. The respondents of the study are the students of Saint Columban College. The researcher will use random sampling, by which random students is given an equal chance to be chosen as respondents. The survey questionnaire will be distributed to the students and they will be interviewed for further acquisition of significant information. In gathering data, the researchers will use the survey method by distributing the questionnaires in the main entrance, exit, and in the campus of Saint Columban College. The survey questionnaire will be submitted to the experts for validity and reliability purposes. After gathering all the data from the respondents, the researchers will tally the results and the total responses will be tabulated. The data will be interpreted and analysed to serve as the basis of the feasibility of the pizza haus. B. Human Resource Study The researcher will conduct a personal interview as an instrument of gathering data. The researcher proposed the type of ownership which is sole proprietorship for this type of organization. The company’s identification name and its structure were determined through sharing of ideas, opinions and suggestions by the researchers. The researchers will visit the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) for personal interview about the labor laws in the Philippines that must be observed in hiring employees, the right compensation of the employees, proper handling of employees and establishing operating policies. The researchers will also visit other business to gather information in recruiting personnel in the creation of organizational structure, the researchers will make use of their ideas and knowledge that they learned from human resource management. C. Socio-Economic Study The researcher will conduct personal interview to catch a relevant information for the socio-economic study. The researcher will visit the local government to gather information about the unemployment rate of Pagadian City and what would be the effect if this proposed business will be established in the community. D. Environmental study In this study, the researchers will take precautionary actions in the proper disposal of waste and the list of the possible effects or the impact of the business to the environment. The researchers will conduct personal interview to the local government officials to gather suggestions and idea on proper disposal of wastes created by JAS Pizza Haus. Also with respect of the Law, the proposed business will take some precautionary actions with the legal documents that is required to establish this business. E. Technical Study In this study, the researchers will use a set of questionnaires in order to gather information. The questions will be focusing on the suppliers for the operation of the business. The group will go to Pagadian City to visit the area and to inquire for a vacant space outside Saint Columban College campus for the location of the Pizza Haus. The researchers will also visit a pizza parlor to consult and inquire for the equipment needed for baking a pizza, the suppliers of the pizza ingredients especially the dough and the service processes of the business. Also, the group will canvass the prices of the plastic chairs and tables from plastic wares store, and lastly, the group will talk to the owner of the space’s terms and conditions in renting. F. Financial Study The researchers will conduct a personal interview from our adviser of this study and also from the CPAs for the means of gathering information of how much will be the capital needed for this proposed, and this capital will be taken from the investment of our proponent. Questions will focus on how much will be the cost of purchasing of those needed materials. The researchers will compute it properly to know the estimated budget for the overall initial investment of the proposed business.

Development Of Restorative Justice Criminology Essay

Development Of Restorative Justice Criminology Essay Restorative justice can be found throughout the bible. Although, it has been previously said that biblical accounts support the existence of retributive justice, it is not true that restorative justice had no place in the early days. The principle of an eye for an eye appears primarily in the first few books of the bible, collectively called the Torah. However, the emphasis of the sacred scripture is primarily forgiveness, restitution and restoration, which are primordial considerations of restorative justice.  [1]   One such account, supporting the existence of restorative justice, is the story of the tax collector Zaccheus. He was a tax collector, and as such he was abhorred by the people. He had wanted to see Jesus, but he couldnt because he was too short, so he climbed up a tree, and while there was seen and was asked to come down from the tree. He invited Jesus in his house, and when the people saw this, they were astonished and angered as they believed Jesus was going inside a sinners home. To this, Jesus replied: Today  salvation  has come to this house, because this  man  too is a son of Abraham; for the Son of  man  has come to seek out and save what was lost.  [2]   Restorative justice as a principle of imposing penalty has played a secondary role to retribution and deterrence. It wasnt until the fifties did revival of interest in restorative justice occurred. The 1950s: Creative Restitution Dr. Albert Eglash, while working with adults and youths in the criminal justice system, developed creative restitution, upon finding that the current system lacked humanity and effectiveness. Under this new concept, an offender, under appropriate supervision, is helped to find some way to make amends to those he has hurt by his offense, and to walk a second mile by helping other offenders.  [3]   Some principles of restorative justice is imminent in creative restitution such as: reinstating the relations between the wrongdoer and the offended party, offenders admission of guilt and renunciation of retribution. He says that the attributes of creative restitution are: 1. It is any constructive act. 2. It is creative and unlimited 3. It is guided, self-determined behavior. 4. It can have a group basis.  [4]   Because the basic principles of restorative justice is found in creative restitution, Some of the basic tenets of restorative justice can be found in the principles of creative restitution, Eglashs work is considered by many as one of the bases of the restorative justice movement. The 1970s: The Kitchener Experiment In Kitchener, Ontario, Canada, two young men while intoxicated, robbed and vandalised a total of twenty one houses. They were caught and was handed over to a probation officer, who in turn brought them to court and arranged for them to visit the homes which they robbed and vandalised and apologize personally to each and every home owner.  [5]  Thus, the birth of the Victim-Offender Reconciliation Program (VORP). The Canadian experiment was the beginnings of modern use of restorative justice. Victim-Offender Mediation Programs (VOMP), also known as Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs (VORP), brings offenders and offended parties, opposite each other with a trained mediator, wherein both parties have the opportunity to speak their minds and their feelings to the one who most ought to hear them, contributing to the healing process.  [6]  The offender themselves come into an agreement with the offended party on what will be done to restore the loss.  [7]   The 1980s In the United States, during the eighties, then President Reagan created a task force to investigate the treatment of victims of the criminal justice system. The task force report was filled with criticism of the victims rights programs, singling out the inadequacy of victims compensation programs. Because of this event, the government passed a law providing restitution for crime victims and allowing the use of victim impact statements at federal sentencing hearings, the Victim and Witness Protection Act of 1982. According to the Candaian Resource Centere for Victims of crimes, victim impact statements are: A victim impact statement is a written account of the personal harm suffered by a victim of crime. The statement may include a description of the physical, financial and emotional effects of the crime. The victim impact statement is intended to give crime victims a voice in the criminal justice process. It allows them to participate in the sentencing of an offender by explaining to the court, and the offender, how the crime has affected them.  [8]   A victim impact statement is not a mandatory requirement, however, once made; the Court shall mandatorily take the statement into consideration in making the decision.  [9]   2000s The year 2000 was a remarkable year for Restorative Justice, the Catholic Church endorsed restorative justice practices. They commended that restorative justice focuses on the victim and community first, unlike the dominant model, which asserts the hurt and loss of the victims, and maintain that offenders come to terms with their actions. Because the offenders and the offending party are face to face, it offers the victim a better sense of peace and accountability, the Church said.  [10]   Another triumph was the adoption of the resolution encouraging countries to use a document providing guidelines for the implementation of restorative justice, by the United Nations Economic and Social Council.  [11]  This came into existence because of the joint efforts of Canada and Italy proposing to the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice to cultivate an international guideline to assist countries in espousing restorative justice.  [12]   Little by little, restorative justice principles have been developing in nearly most of the countries, such as Canada, Australia, Japan, Netherlands, Most European Countries, several South American countries and Russia. The Theory of Restorative Justice at present Many authors have attempted to define restorative justice, to have one standard meaning. However, there has been no standard definition as of yet. Howard Zehr defines restorative justice as restorative justice is a process to involve, to the extent possible, those who have a stake in a specific offense and to collectively identify and address harms, needs, and obligations, in order to heal and put things as right as possible.  [13]  When the attempt to get a consensus for a working definition of restorative justice could not be attained, the working party on Restorative and Justice, decided to adopt Tony Marshall definition. He defines it as: Restorative justice is a process whereby all the parties with a stake in a particular offence come together to resolve collectively how to deal with the aftermath of the offence and its implications for the future.  [14]   Marshalls definition focuses on the process and interpersonal relation between the offender and the offended party. Restorative Justice is focused on the offender, offended party and community members. The core values are: the offender must apologize or shamed and reintegrated, the offended party, harm and chance for forgiveness and lastly, community and relationships.  [15]   Under this principle, it is pertinent for the offender to tacitly acknowledge that he committed an offense, showing that he accepts responsibility for the outcome of his wrong action and recognizing the injury undergone by the offended party.  [16]  Such apology, may be done orally or in written form. After this, it must be figured out how he can get back on track, which will be dealt with by the individualized treatment of the offender. Next step is for the offended party to assess the harm done and create an action plan on how to mend the injury.  [17]  The offended party must likewise accept the apology of the offender. The focus on the community pertains to the forging new relationships and repair broken relations.  [18]   Restorative Justices emphasis lie on repairing the injury caused by the crime, which is understood as a violation of relationships and therefore disrupts peace in the community.  [19]  It is collaborative and inclusive, and crime is not merely an offense against the state. It is inclusive because it allows the participation of offended party, offender and the community, the three parties who have the most interest in the reparation of the offense. It is collaborative because it is through the efforts of the interested parties which the solution is based from. Respect for human dignity is the main basis of the restorative principles. The Canadians, one of countries which adhere to restorative justice, speaking through its Ministry of Justice said: Priority is given to addressing the human needs of participants and empowering them to communicate their thoughts and feelings in an open and honest way. The goal is to build understanding, to encourage accountability and to provide an opportunity for healing. A restorative justice process encourages the offended to take responsibility for their harmful behaviour in a meaningful way, to gain insight into the causes and effects of that behaviour on others, to change that behaviour and to be accepted back into the community. The process gives the victim a forum to ask questions, receive answers, gain understanding, explain the impact of the crime on them and contribute to the outcome of the process. The process may result in the victim receiving an apology, restitution, services or some other form of reparation. It creates a safe environment in which the victim can seek closure. Restorative justice processes have the potential to provide the community with an opportunity to articulate its values and expectations, to understand the underlying causes of crime and to determine what can be done to repair the damage caused. In doing so, it could contribute to community wellbeing and potentially reduce future crimes.  [20]   Purpose Under the principle of restorative justice, crime is a violation of relationships between persons. In order to achieve justice the offended party, offender and community members must participate in putting things right.  [21]   Focal Point Unlike in retribution, wherein the main point in the imposition of penalty is giving the offender what he deserves restorative justice deal with the correction or the rehabilitation of the offender so that his future conducts will be law abiding. Rehabilitation supporters believe that sanctions must be used as a chance to make a positive change on the offender.  [22]   Rehabilitation literally means to restore in good condition. The objective of restorative justice is to help the offenders so that they can re-enter society as useful citizens, or at the very least, no longer dangerous. It also aims to decrease the crimes, albeit in a very different manner. What restorative justice seeks to achieve is not only to correct the offender, but also to change the need or desire to commit crimes.  [23]   Pitfalls Restorative Justice as a penal philosophy is not without criticisms and limitations. A study conducted in Africa on 2001, made the following observations: First, The principle of the model inevitably rests on the cooperation of the parties concerned. If the offender, for instance, refuses to accept responsibility for the crime and to fulfil his or her obligations to the victim and the community, there can be no talk of restorative justice. Second, A certain level of competence and the availability of infrastructure, such as a trained mediator, a reprerequisites for community participation in restorative justice programmes. However, the skills and resources are not always available. Third, In modern society, community bonds are not always so strong and aspects like the privacy of the individual and autonomy are strongly emphasised. A significant shift to community participation and involvement in restorative justice programmes will necessarily put a high premium on community education and the development of community sources. Fourth, Any existing social injustices in and between communities could have a negative influence on the implementation of restorative justice. Social division can prejudice the cooperation of parties in the criminal justice process. Fifth, Some people are of the opinion that restorative justice is a soft option for the offender. Sixth, A perception that restorative justice only applies in the case of juveniles and minor offences is quite common.  [24]   Another issue concerning Restorative justice is sentence inequality. Since, it is originally designed to address specific needs of the individual offender, the sentence meted differs on the determination of ones progress through rehabilitation.  [25]  The idea of restorative justice is to develop an individualized treatment plan an impose an indeterminate sentence, the length of which will be determined on the offenders progress. Arising from these individualized treatment and indeterminate sentence, is human fallibility. Since human nature cannot be predicted with absolute precision, some were released before they were actually ready.  [26]   One other problem that restorative justice faces is that given its long-term nature, offenders must experience incarceration in order to receive the necessary treatment for rehabilitation.  [27]   Retributive Justice principles in the Philippines current legal framework Revised Penal Code Although majority of the Revised Penal Codes provisions are considered to follow the classical approach, which follows the postulate that retribution is the main justification of punishment, the positivist theory is also used in some of the provisions. Such principle is apparent in the provisions of impossible crime and mitigating circumstances. Impossible Crimes The Code penalizes impossible crimes, to wit: Article 4.  Criminal liability.   Criminal liability shall be incurred: 1. By any person committing a felony  (delito)  although the wrongful act done be different from that which he intended. 2. By any person performing an act which would be an offense against persons or property, were it not for the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or on account of the employment of inadequate or ineffectual means.  [28]  (emphasis ours) The term impossible crime is actually a misnomer because no crime was actually committed, due the inherent impossibility of its accomplishment or inadequacy and inefficiency of the methodology used. However, it is subject to a penal sanction because its commission is indicative of the criminal propensity of actor, as per the positivist theory is concerned. Also, he law punishes it because objectively the offender did not commit a crime, but subjectively he did.  [29]  t was inherently impossible to accomplish or due to inadequate or ineffectual means. Circumstances affecting criminal liability: Mitigating Circumstances Mitigating Circumstances are those which, if present in the commission of the crime, do not entirely free the actor from criminal liability, but serve only to reduce the penalty.  [30]  The following are the mitigating circumstances under the Code: Article 13.  Mitigating circumstances.   The following are mitigating circumstances: 1. Those mentioned in the preceding chapter, when all the requisites necessary to justify the act or to exempt from criminal liability in the respective cases are not attendant. 2. That the offender is under eighteen years of age or over seventy years. In the case of the minor, he shall be proceeded against in accordance with the provisions of article 80. 3. That the offender had no intention to commit so grave a wrong as that committed. 4. That sufficient provocation or threat on the part of the offended party immediately preceded the act. 5. That the act was committed in the immediate vindication of a grave offense to the one committing the felony (delito) his spouse, ascendants, descendants, legitimate, natural or adopted brothers or sisters or relatives by affinity within the same degrees. 6. That of having acted upon an impulse so powerful as naturally to have produced passion or obfuscation. 7. That the offender had voluntarily surrendered himself to a person in authority or his agents, or that he had voluntarily confessed his guilt before the court prior to the presentation of the evidence for the prosecution. 8. That the offender is deaf and dumb, blind or otherwise suffering some physical defect which thus restricts his means of action, defense, or communication with his fellow beings. 9. Such illness of the offender as would diminish the exercise of the will-power of the offender without however depriving him of consciousness of his acts. 10. And, finally, any other circumstance of a similar nature and analogous to those above mentioned.  [31]   Diminution of freedom, intelligence or the lesser perversity of the actor, is the basis for the mitigation.  [32]  It is in line with the principles and goals of restorative justice because it keeps track of the individuals frame of mind at the time of the commission of the offense. Mitigating Circumstances are classified into two groups: Ordinary and Privileged. Ordinary Mitigating circumstances are those enumerated in Article 13, save for minority, which is now considered privileged mitigating circumstance as a result of the legislation Republic Act no. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act, which lowered the age of criminal responsibility. An ordinary mitigating circumstance has the effect of reducing the penalty a period lower. Privileged mitigating circumstances are those which are enumerated by law as such, and has the effect of reducing the penalty a degree or two lower. The existence of two ordinary circumstances has the effect of a privileged, lowering the penalty by a degree or two. A privileged mitigating circumstance cannot be offset by any circumstance, whereas the ordinary one may be affected. Act No. 4103 or the Indeterminate Sentence Law The Indeterminate Sentence Law was one of the more important innovations introduced by the Americans in our Criminal law. Under this system, offenders were to be sentenced with a an indefinite period and released upon showing of satisfactory progress towards reformation.  [33]  A minimum and maximum range of penalty was determined, and after service of the minimum term and upon determination of the Board of Indeterminate Sentence of the fitness and readiness of the prisoner, reasonable probability that he will not violate the law when released, and compatibility of his release with societys welfare, the prisoner will be released on parole and is therefore allowed to serve the rest of his indeterminate sentence outside of the incarceration facility.  [34]  The following shall not be entitled to the benefits of the Indeterminate Sentence Law: Sec. 2.  This Act shall not apply to persons convicted of offenses punished with death penalty or life-imprisonment; to those convicted of treason, conspiracy or proposal to commit treason; to those convicted of misprision of treason, rebellion, sedition or espionage; to those convicted of piracy; to those who are habitual delinquents; to those who have escaped from confinement or evaded sentence; to those who having been granted conditional pardon by the Chief Executive shall have violated the terms thereof; to those whose maximum term of imprisonment does not exceed one year, not to those already sentenced by final judgment at the time of approval of this Act, except as provided in Section 5 hereof.  [35]   Indeterminate Sentencing have been criticised because of the differential treatment of persons similarly situated as well as the alleged difficulty in rehabilitation of the offender.  [36]   Presidential Decree No. 968 or the Probation Law   Probation is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and rendition of sentence, is released subject to conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer.  [37]  Probation has for its purpose: Rehabilitation and reformation of the Offender, and crime deterrence. An application for probation may be filed after conviction, even before the offender commences serving his sentence. If the application for probation is granted, the sentence will be suspended and he will be released under the following conditions: Conditions of Probation.  Every probation order issued by the court shall contain conditions requiring that the probationer shall: (a) present himself to the probation officer designated to undertake his supervision at such place as may be specified in the order within seventy-two hours from receipt of said order; (b) report to the probation officer at least once a month at such time and place as specified by said officer. The court may also require the probationer to: (a) cooperate with a program of supervision; (b) meet his family responsibilities; (c) devote himself to a specific employment and not to change said employment without the prior written approval of the probation officer; (d) undergo medical, psychological or psychiatric examination and treatment and enter and remain in a specified institution, when required for that purpose; (e) pursue a prescribed secular study or vocational training; (f) attend or reside in a facility established for instruction, recreation or residence of persons on probation; (g) refrain from visiting houses of ill-repute; (h) abstain from drinking intoxicating beverages to excess; (i) permit to probation officer or an authorized social worker to visit his home and place or work; (j) reside at premises approved by it and not to change his residence without its prior written approval; or (k) satisfy any other condition related to the rehabilitation of the defendant and not unduly restrictive of his liberty or incompatible with his freedom of conscience.  [38]   If the probationer violates any of the conditions of the release, the Court may issue a warrant for his arrest, and if found guilty, the Court may revoke the probation and subsequently order for his recommitment to serve the remainder of his sentence.  [39]  The benefits of the probation law shall not extend to those: sentenced to serve a maximum term of imprisonment of more than six years; convicted of any offense against the security of the State; who have previously been convicted by final judgment of an offense punished by imprisonment of not less than one month and one day and/or a fine of not less than Two Hundred Pesos; who have been once on probation under the provisions of this Decree; and who are already serving sentence at the time the substantive provisions of this Decree became applicable.  [40]   Republic Act No. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006 In compliance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which the Philippines is a signatory, the Congress of the Philippines enacted in 2006, the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act. The Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act was a product of ten years of lobbying. An important provision on the law was the tacit recognition of Restorative Justice as a principle to be adhered to.  [41]  Under the statute, Restorative justice refers to a principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the victim, the offender and the community. It seeks to obtain reparation for the victim; reconciliation of the offender, the offended and the community; and reassurance to the offender that he/she can be reintegrated into society. It also enhances public safety by activating the offender, the victim and the community in prevention strategies.  [42]   In one study, it had been said that the Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act was the most promising piece of legislation in the Philippines concerning Restorative Justice.  [43]  

Essay --

The Ku Klux Klan has existed since the mid nineteenth century. The Klan has had periods membership numbered in the millions, whereas nowadays they do not have as much influence as in the past.What has ceased to change is the media depicting the Ku Klux Klan as a hateful group of bigots wanting to solely wipe out any non-white race. However, the media has not only surfaced many misconception but they fail to realize that the Klan is actually within US Constitutional rights. Because the Bill of Rights guarantees American citizens the freedom of speech and to peacefully assemble, the Ku Klux Klan has the right to continue their practices. With that being said, excluding some violent outburst conducted by Klan subgroups, no one has the right to stop the KKK from protesting, speaking their beliefs, or celebrating their heritage. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The Ku Klux Klan was founded in May of 1866, in Pulaski, Tennessee by six veterans of the Confederate Army. The early years of the Klan's existence were focused mainly on restoring white power in the government. The Klan often spoke against Radical Republicans, the political party that most supported the rights of former slaves. At first the Klan seemed relatively harmless. But as time went on, the so called white supremacists showed how far they were willing to go to fulfill their craving for America to go back to its former ways. According to the Klan members, the only requirement for being a part of the organization is to be Christian. As they see it, America is under attack by immigrants and foreign groups. To them it seems that it isn't right for races to mix because we would all melt into one race of "brown". The highest ranked members of the KKK are said to be led by divine provide... ...portunity, and rightfully so. The KKK has given more than enough validation for why they believe that they are simply making an attempt to save the white race. Our forefathers were of the white race, and if the Klan makes the point that by not mixing races in terms of marriage would preserve American culture, it is actually a justified statement from that standpoint. Although many people, including myself, would not agree with their opinions, the Klan has the right to hold their own beliefs. The Bill of Rights will always be relevant. They were written with our citizens’ best interests in mind. It was our forefathers' responsibility to ensure that our country would always be free, even centuries after the amendments were written. The Klan, although their beliefs may not be those of the general public, have and will always have the right to preach their own opinions.

A Day Without Latinos

Nine percent of Utah’s population is Latino or Hispanic.   And, at least thirty percent of the households of Utah have a Latino or Hispanic individual present, regardless of whether the immigrant is living as a relative or working as a maid in the household (Overview, 2004).   Indeed, the Latinos are very hard working people.They are studying with other racial groups in schools and colleges, and although many of them feel that they are discriminated against, they have already proved themselves to be â€Å"a growing and developing economic power base† (Warner, 2004).   This means that the Latinos are rather important to the economy of Utah today.They are especially represented in the service industry.   Hotels, restaurants, the agricultural industry, construction and reconstruction – a variety of businesses are using the help of Latinos.   What is more, Latinos are paid less than the other workers are on average.   For every 72 cents given to a Latino for his or her work, a person from another racial group gets a dollar (Media).Now if all Latinos were to leave Utah for a day, the economy would most definitely slow down and experience loss.   There would be countless absentees in the workplace, school attendance would fall, and those that discriminate against the Latinos would breathe a sigh of relief.   Still, the economy would bear the brunt of the departure of the Latinos.In order to produce the goods and provide the services that the Latinos were previously helping businesses to produce and to provide, businesses would have to hire for a day workers that would charge more than the Latinos do.   Budgets would have to be changed, as businesses face a rise in their expenditures.Moreover, businesses might decide to cut the supply of their products because of the increase in expenditures.   It may also be that businesses would not find replacements for the Latinos through the day.   Hence, businesses would have to slow do wn if not close down for the day.   In the long run, the economy of Utah would be seen to have been affected by the departure of the Latinos for a day.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Utah, like all other states of America, thrives on diversity.   As a matter of fact, there is no state in America where diversity does not hold a very special place in the societal structure.People who are living with the Latinos, and those that study with young Latinos in schools and colleges would testify that Latinos do add value to their particular groups.When Latino maids in the home have to leave for a day, the mothers of the children for whom they had hired Latino maids, would also have to leave their workplaces in order to care for their children without maids.   This, too, would have an affect on the economy.   What is more, the value that Latinos add as family members is known only to the members of the households that Latinos occupy.A Latino wife or husband leaving home for a day might turn out to b e a problem for the spouse.   And, when the effects of the losses are accumulated taking into consideration the entire society, it may become obvious that Latinos are indeed an interwoven part of the societal fabric that cannot be torn apart without negative consequences.Those that discriminate against the Latinos of Utah might breathe a sigh of relief in the absence of the Latinos.   Still, when the effects on the economy are brought into full view, the people that discriminated against the Latinos would also be seen to have been affected by the loss.Latinos are today akin to an engine in a factory that cannot be done away with although there are many other engines in the same factory performing the same kinds of tasks in a different way.   Seeing that the first engine is present is evidence enough that the engine is important to the factory.   Similarly, Utah cannot imagine itself without Latinos at present.This racial group has become an indispensable part of the lives of people who occupy Utah, in addition to their livelihood.   Gladys Gonzales, the editor and publisher of Mundo Hispano, explains this indispensability thus: â€Å"We are bringing synergy to this state†¦ We are hard workers with an entrepreneurial spirit.   We want to contribute positively to this state and this country† (Warner).It is this positive attitude that has allowed the Latinos to be fairly successful in Utah, despite the problems that they might face in their personal or public lives.   Furthermore, the Latinos are expected to continue adding value to the society and the economy of the state.   Indeed, if the Latinos were to leave Utah for a day, they will be missed by their friends, employers, and customers in Utah.Even those that were displeased with the presence of the Latinos in Utah would face a loss as their favorite restaurants are closed down, and their businesses face an increase in expenditures.   Perhaps for such people, a day without Latino s would serve as a wake up call.   The Latinos would be anxiously awaited back in Utah.ReferencesMedia Contacts. â€Å"U of U Researcher Reports Latino Immigrants’ Experience in Utah to be Mixed.† University of Utah. Retrieved from http://www.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/jun/immigrants.html. (4 April 2007).Overview of Utah’s Hispanic/Latino Demographics. (2004). State Office of Ethnic Affairs. Retrieved from http://ethnicoffice.utah.gov/public_policy_and_research/documents/oea.his.lat.0505.pdf. (4 April 2007).Warner, Laura. (2004, March 27). â€Å"Bias exists, but Utah Latinos optimistic.† Deseret Morning News. Retrieved from http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,595052024,00.html. (4 April 2007).

Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment Introduction Capital punishment refers to the act of killing an individual who has been found guilty of committing a certain crime (Gottfried, 2003, p.35). Capital punishment is a severe form of punishment because a victim cannot repeal a death sentence. A less severe alternative to death sentence is life imprisonment. Despite its existence, some countries still practice capital punishment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The debate on whether capital punishment is ethical and moral has elicited different opinions in different societies. Proponents of capital punishment argue that it guarantees permanent security and safety to communities, it deters crime, it is appropriate for some crimes such as murder, and it is less costly (Gottfried, 2003, p.37). On the other hand, opponents argue that it is inhuman, it is unfair if someone is wrongly convicted, it is a viola tion of human rights, it affects the emotional and psychological well-being of a victim’s family members, and it is against God’s will (Gottfried, 2003, p.41). Capital punishment should be reaffirmed because it is an effective method that could be used to deter crime and improve security. In the United States, 35 states have the death penalty in their legal system. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there have been 1226 death sentences in the United States since the year 1976 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). In 2010, there were 38 executions. This number decreased from 106 executions in 2009 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). Some methods used to kill criminals include hanging, shooting by a firing squad, intoxication in a gas chamber, electrocution, and lethal injection. Arguments for capital punishment Capital punishment has several advantages that render it valid as a form of punishment for crime. First, it guarantees the safety and security of prison staff and the peop le in the external community (McCafferty, 2011, p.58). Individuals who receive a death penalty are usually dangerous and highly violent people. Executed criminals cannot commit crimes either after their release from prison or in prison. Their execution guarantees the safety of prison staff and the public. Their death is an assurance of security because they cannot continue their unlawful acts and this improves security.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, capital punishment deters crime by discouraging criminals from engaging in crime (Gottfried, 2003, p.42). In countries such as Singapore that have death penalty, lower rates of crime have been reported. Capital punishment deters crime because of its severe consequences. Between the years 1993 and 1997, the death penalty was widely used in the United States due to a rise in crime. As a result, the rate of murder d ropped from 24,562 people to 18, 209 people (McCafferty, 2011, p.54). This drop was as a result of the avoidance of the severe consequences of capital punishment by criminals. Thirdly, it is the right form of punishment for certain crimes because it is equal to the crime committed (Gottfried, 2003, p.45). For example, capital punishment is the best punishment for murder because it is equal to the crime. Any other form of punishment would be unfair because it would be less serious than the crime itself. Proponents argue that victims of crime receive justice when criminals are killed because the penalty is equal to the crime committed. The individual is made to pay by death in proportion to the crime committed. Fourthly, capital punishment is less costly that other forms of punishment such as life imprisonment (Gottfried, 2003, p.46). The cost of imprisoning an individual for life is more than the cost of killing the individual. It is logic to award a death penalty to an individual in stead of life imprisonment because it prevents use of government resources, which are instead used for other more viable projects. Arguments against capital punishment Opponents of capital punishment present several arguments to support the abolishment of capital punishment. First, they argue that it is unethical and cruel (McCafferty, 2011, p.61). Killing a person is inhuman even though the person may have acted in an inhuman manner. They claim that each person has a right to life and should not be killed under any circumstance. Capital punishment is inhuman because the methods used for execution inflict intense pain and suffering to the individual. As such, the individual’s right to life is violated. Even though a criminal practices inhumanity by committing a crime, killing the individual does not solve the problem entirely.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital punishment is ironical because its main teaching is that killing someone who has killed is moral and justifiable (McCafferty, 2011, p.62). However, this argument is ambiguous because different cultures interpret the concept of humanity differently. Secondly, it is an unfair form of punishment for individuals who are convicted wrongly. For example, since 1976, 130 people have been released from death row after they were proved innocent (McCafferty, 2011, p.64). In severe cases, some people are killed after being wrongly convicted. It is unfair for a person to be executed even though he/she is innocent. Some people have been proven innocent but the proof of their innocence came too late that they were executed before they were released. In addition, some criminals ask for a chance to amend their ways and become better citizens. However, with a death sentence, that is impossible. In a case where an innocent individual is executed, the execution is irreversible, and the gover nment lives with the guilt of executing an innocent citizen. The fact that an innocent individual could be wrongly convicted is not a good enough reason to abolish capital punishment. This is because in the same way, guilty individuals could be wrongly released for lack of enough evidence (McCafferty, 2011, p.68). Thirdly, capital punishment is a violation of the human right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.73). Despite the degree of a crime committed by an individual, killing him/her violates his/her right to life. This argument varies from society to society because human rights are determined by factors such as religion, cultural beliefs and religion, which vary among societies. Opponents argue that sentences such as life imprisonment could be awarded instead of capital punishment because they do not violate an individual’s right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.74). In some societies, the interpretation of human rights allows capital punishment for individuals who violate the human rights of others. Fourthly, capital punishment is not fair and may cause emotional and psychological trauma to a victim’s family members (McCafferty, 2011, p.71). In countries where it is practiced, capital punishment is a form of compensation for a crime committed using the life of the criminal. This is immoral because two wrongs cannot make a right. An individual deserves a chance to reform for a better life.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the pain experienced in executions could be unbearable. The degree of pain depends on the method of execution used. Despite the method used, the pain affects both the individual and his/her family. Family members may be traumatized and as such suffer emotionally and psychologically, which may affect their lives negatively (Gottfried, 2003, p.72). For example, if the individual has young children, they may be unable to live normal lives owing to the effects of the knowledge of their father’s execution. Fifthly, capital punishment denies the victims a chance to reform and practice spiritual redemption (Gottfried, 2003, p.75). Even though an individual may be sorry and remorseful for committing a crime, reformation is impossible with a death penalty. In most societies, spiritual redemption is considered a priority mainly at the time of death. Spiritual redemption means making peace with fellow human beings and God before death. However, capital punishment victims do not get this opportunity. Opponents consider capital punishment unethical because they argue that death should be natural and not induced in any way. Conclusion Capital punishment is the killing of an individual who has been convicted of committing a certain crime. The issue of whether capital punishment is moral and ethical is a controversial one. Some countries have abolished it while others still practice it. For example, in the United States, 35 stares practice capital punishment. Proponents argue that it deters crime, guarantees permanent security, it is appropriate for crimes such as murder and rape, and it is less costly than alternative punishments such as life imprisonment. Opponents argue that it is inhuman, may be unfair if someone is wrongly convicted, it is a violation of human rights, it affects the emotional and psychological well-being of family members and it s unfair. Capital punishment should be reaffirmed because it is the best method of stopping crime and hence improving the security and safety of all people. References Gottfried, T2003, Capital Punishment: the Death Penalty Debate, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania. McCafferty, J 2011, Capital Punishment, Aldine Transaction, New York.

What The Doctor Ordered Essays - Frankenstein, Free Essays

What The Doctor Ordered Essays - Frankenstein, Free Essays What The Doctor Ordered WHAT THE DOCTOR ORDERED Life is a rat race. In order to succeed, one is required to stay in the front of the pack. To lead a happy, loving life, however, one must stop and smell the roses so the meaningful qualities in life don't pass you by. A prime example of a person who overlooks this aspect of life can be found in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Through Dr. Frankenstein, Shelley warns readers of the consequences of playing god and allowing business to take you away from the simple pleasures in life. As shown through him, too much knowledge and determination may not be what the doctor ordered. Frankenstein illustrates god-like characteristics by creating a living creature. As a boy he was deeply smitten with the thirst for knowledge (22), and obtained an eager desire to learn (23). This dedication and love for science he pursued led him to crave more and strive to go one step further than other scientists have in the past. Devoting his life to learning the sciences of the human frame, Frankenstein became capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter (37), and recognizes the chance to become the father of a new type of species he can take credit for. Ironically, Frankenstein's creature obtains the power to destroy his creator, along with all civilization. If God, the single perfect being, cannot create perfect life, how could an imperfect person possibly do it? Frankenstein is oblivious to the danger of his knowledge and to the citadel of nature (25) he will enter by becoming aware of the secrets of heaven and earth (23). Frankenstein travels down a dangerous path whe n he goes as far as to play God by exploring supernatural life and after his work is complete, he fearfully realizes that he not only created a new life, but with that life, he brought a new form of evil into the world. During the two years Frankenstein worked on his creation he became totally absorbed in his work which leads to neglect towards himself, his family, and the beautiful scenes of nature he, in the past, took pleasure in. Once he dived headfirst into his project, he showed no signs of coming up for air. Frankenstein puts his life on hold and seemed to have lost all soul or sensation but for this one pursuit (39). In fear of an unsuccessful outcome, he ruthlessly works day and night trying to complete his work. In the process, he deprived [himself] of rest and health (42) and became pale and emaciated due to this lacking. Not only did he neglect his health, Frankenstein also overlooked his loving family who began to worry about him. Obviously [he] knew [his] silence disquieted them (40), but couldn't tear himself away from his work long enough to simply reply to their letters. Another pleasure Frankenstein tried to forget was the nature he had always found comfort in. However, not even th e charms of nature (40) could break the force field isolating Frankenstein and his creation in the study. Once he realized all the pleasures he set aside due to the overwhelming desire he beheld for his work, Frankenstein began making excuses. He made himself believe that the passion and peace he felt towards his family and the beauties of nature stood as an obstacle in his path and would only disturb his tranquility (40). When you give up the things you love and the aspects of life that have always given pleasure to you, you risk losing them forever. Frankenstein became so caught up in his work he missed out on two years of his life. He never visited his family and it wasn't until after his work was done did he read a letter sent to him by Elizabeth updating him on everything that had gone on. After Frankenstein is aware of the monster he produced, he understands all he gave up and now regrets what he allowed his life to become. Getting caught up in the rat race led Dr. Victor Frankenstein to the terrible fate like had in store for him. All too late, he realizes that a truly happy man never losses sight of the important aspects he

Free Essays on Wuthering Heights

Weather And Setting In Wuthering Heights Throughout the novel Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte effectively utilizes weather and setting as methods of conveying insight to the reader of the personal feeling of the characters. While staying at Thrushcross Grange, Mr. Lockwood made a visit to meet Mr. Heathcliff for a second time, and the horrible snow storm that he encounters is the first piece of evidence that he should have perceived about Heathcliff's personality. The setting of the moors is one that makes them a very special place for Catherine and Heathcliff, and they are thus very symbolic of their friendship and spirits. The weather and setting are very effective tools used throughout the novel, for when the weather becomes nice it is not only symbolic of the changing times, and the changing people, but also a new beginning. During his stay at Thrushcross Grange Mr. Lockwood made the perilous journey to Wuthering Heights only a few times. On his second visit, the snow began to drive thickly(7) during his walk, and this horrible weather should have been foreshadowing to Lockwood about Heathcliff's, and the other member's of the household's true personalities. Upon arriving he was forced to bang continually upon the door before someone would take the care to let him in out of the cold. The dinner that Lockwood was permitted to have with the 'family' was anything but hospitable. Lockwood was treated not unlike an ignorant and unworthy guest, and hence the visit was in no way enjoyable for him. When he wanted to leave the Wuthering Heights, Lockwood finds the weather too intolerable for him to even consider venturing out on his own, and upon being attacked by one of the dogs, he was pulled into the kitchen(15) and allowed, however bitterly, to stay the night at Wuthering Heights. Once his walk home commenced the following day, Lockwood found himself being escorted by Heathcliff himself. The path that is used as a means o... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Free Essays on Wuthering Heights A Romance or not†¦that is the question? â€Å"Wuthering Heights† is a Victorian novel regarding the lives of the Earnshaws and Lintons. Through three generations, they all experience wave after wave of tragedy all originating with Heathcliff’s overwhelming desire for revenge against the Lintons. This hatred is brought on by the treatment Heathcliff receives from the Lintons as well as Edgar Linton’s marriage to Catherine, Heathcliff’s soul mate. Though it is said to believe that this novel is a tragedy, I believe that it is indeed a great romance. People spend much of their lives searching for true love. When true love is found, people will do everything possible to hold on to and cherish it for eternity. It is said that true love, which is filled with intense everlasting emotions, can only be found once in a lifetime. In the Classic Novel â€Å"Wuthering Heights† by Emily Bronte, the characters Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw display a classic example of this powerful emotion. â€Å"Wuthering Heights† examines a passionate and overwhelming love between its central characters, Cathy and Heathcliff. Their love is profound and filled with passion unlike any other. Its intensity builds from their childhood until the untimely death of Catherine. The extent of this love is exemplified during Heathcliff and Catherine’s interactions with each other, during Catherine’s statements to Nelly, and during Catherine’s death where Heathcliff and Catherine embrace for the last time. When Catherine and Heat hcliff were young, they would â€Å"run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day†(44). They spent a lot of time together playing like children. It is in this time that they create their everlasting bond. Catherine and Heathcliff spend almost every waking hour together and inevitably fall in love. No words could possibly express the great passion they share; yet it becomes obvious in their â€Å"interactions together†. At ... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Weather And Setting In Wuthering Heights Throughout the novel Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte effectively utilizes weather and setting as methods of conveying insight to the reader of the personal feeling of the characters. While staying at Thrushcross Grange, Mr. Lockwood made a visit to meet Mr. Heathcliff for a second time, and the horrible snow storm that he encounters is the first piece of evidence that he should have perceived about Heathcliff's personality. The setting of the moors is one that makes them a very special place for Catherine and Heathcliff, and they are thus very symbolic of their friendship and spirits. The weather and setting are very effective tools used throughout the novel, for when the weather becomes nice it is not only symbolic of the changing times, and the changing people, but also a new beginning. During his stay at Thrushcross Grange Mr. Lockwood made the perilous journey to Wuthering Heights only a few times. On his second visit, the snow began to drive thickly(7) during his walk, and this horrible weather should have been foreshadowing to Lockwood about Heathcliff's, and the other member's of the household's true personalities. Upon arriving he was forced to bang continually upon the door before someone would take the care to let him in out of the cold. The dinner that Lockwood was permitted to have with the 'family' was anything but hospitable. Lockwood was treated not unlike an ignorant and unworthy guest, and hence the visit was in no way enjoyable for him. When he wanted to leave the Wuthering Heights, Lockwood finds the weather too intolerable for him to even consider venturing out on his own, and upon being attacked by one of the dogs, he was pulled into the kitchen(15) and allowed, however bitterly, to stay the night at Wuthering Heights. Once his walk home commenced the following day, Lockwood found himself being escorted by Heathcliff himself. The path that is used as a means o... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights is one of the most popular novels in English Literature. Emily Bronte’s unique picturesque style creates the images in this novel to be vivid and very powerful. These vivid images help illustrate and make each character easier to comprehend. One of main themes of Wuthering Heights is revenge, which is portrayed through the life of Heathcliff, who was brought to Wuthering Heights as a mere child by Mr. Earnshaw. Emily Bronte develops the theme of revenge through Heathcliff as a child who was abused, as an adult who became abusive, and how this affected him before his death. While Heathcliff grew up at Wuthering Heights, he endured severe abuse from his master’s son, Hindley, who was jealous because his father favored Heathcliff over him. Hindley’s abusive treatment continued even after the death of Mr. Earnshaw. Heathcliff believed it was worth all the pain just to see the face of Catherine, Hindley’s sister, whom he had started to fall in love with. However, Catherine deceives him and marries Edgar Linton, leaving Heathcliff devastated. Heathcliff vows that he will seek revenge against the Linton’s, and Earnshaw’s for all the pain they had caused him. As Heathcliff motions to put his plan of revenge into action, he becomes a very brutal and hardhearted demon. In order to act on his plan of revenge, he marries Isabella, who is the lone sister of Edgar Linton. He maliciously abuses Hareton, Hindley’s son, the very same way he was abused as a child. In fact, all of Heathcliff’s actions revolve around the single idea of revenge; and his utmost goal was to take everything Edgar Linton and Hindley Earnshaw have and to make their lives as miserable as possible. He even took advantage of the drunken Hindley by winning Wuthering Heights in a gambling bet. However, Heathcliff in the end couldn’t execute his plan of revenge completely on Hareton and Cathy, for they reminded him of Catherine and hi... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Brilliance In The Stroke Of A Pen Someone once said, â€Å"No great scoundrel is ever uninteresting.† That someone was probably very famous in their own right but as with all famous or even merely memorable quips, no one seems to remember who spoke, only what was spoken. And, as with all memorable quips, this one is applicable to a great many things in life and imagination. However, this simple phrase is applicable to nothing if not the character of Heathcliff of the novel Wuthering Heights. Admittedly, the human race is forever focused on the characters who intentionally disturb and harm other and create damaging situations to their own avail. Despite, or maybe purely to spite, popular morals, the characters who display an utter disregard for the natural structure of human existence are usually the ones deemed iconic and the most thoroughly scrutinized. As is the case with Emily Bronte’s Heathcliff. Now, if only Bronte’s characters and their motivations were so simple. No, Bronte had to paint brilliance with the stroke of a pen, she had to funnel hate, love, rage, jealousy, passion, and the deepest complexities of human emotion through the tip of her quill. She had to possess the keen artistry to make her readers question every thought, action, and motive behind the embodiment of complexity that is Heathcliff. Is it the simple and superficial division of Heathcliff and his love, Catherine’s social class that motivates Heathcliff to seek revenge? Or does the foundation of that rage burrow much deeper than the shallow, superficial surface into the sagacious privacy of the human experience? Or is Heathcliff simply a character lost and meandering through the puddles of human experience, hazy with opaque morals and mistaken ideals? What is it that truly motivates Heathcliff and his quest for vengeance? Some believe Heathcliff to be inhuman, described by some to be sadistic and demonic. Granted, Heathcliff’s revenge... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights The Essence of Equality at the Moors Although Heathcliff and Catherine’s endless yearning for each other reached further than the dark and gloomy pits of death itself, the fulfillment of love and happiness was only reached within the few moments of reality spent at their rocky castle in the moors. Wuthering Heights was the estate that belonged to Mr. and Mrs. Earnshaw along with their two children Hindley and Catherine, and the dappled and sullen waif given the name Heathcliff. From the beginning of the novel the house alone gives off clues of evil being present, not that the house was haunted by demons and spirits, just the sense of revenge, cruelty, and hatred among its inhabitants. The weather was always extremely harsh consisting of bone-chilling snowstorms and pungent downpours. Over Wuthering Heights hovers â€Å"a horror of great darkness;† where during these outraged storms the air seemed to at times breathe lightening (Chelsea 4184). â€Å"Wuthering† helped depict the brutality of the climate in Yorkshire, England, with its atmospheric tumult. Wuthering Heights was a hell to all who resided there, especially to Heathcliff during his time there because it seemed as though he could never escape the deep sorrows and revengeful spirit that this new life brought upon him. It was always clear that for him Wuthering Heights would never become a comforting haven as he dreamed it would (Maskill 1665-66). Through Catherine Earnshaw’s eyes ,as a child, Wuthering Heights was simply her home where she was once so wonderfully fresh and so fearfully natural (Chelsea 4179). Her and Hindley faught and played together like normal brother and sister until Heathcliff was brought home by their father one afternoon. As she grew older and her love for Heathcliff matured, Wuthering Heights became more of a burden and a place to escape than a place of refuge. The neighboring estate known as Thrushcross Grange is the... Free Essays on Wuthering Heights Wuthering Heights is set in the mid 18th century against a background of wealth and social position. This essay summarises the role of main characters in the story. It also discusses Bronte’s use of imagery and opposites in relation to both setting and characters to create a rich and vividly descriptive story for the reader. Two principal complex characters form the basis of the story line. Catherine Earnshaw lives in Wuthering Heights. Her background is one of wealth and privilege. As a child Catherine was mischievous as described by the servant Nelly Dean â€Å"mischievous and wayward. In her childhood her behaviour was not typical of the normal expectations of a ‘lady’ of that social position. She had a tendency to do the opposite of what she should – playing on the moors instead of reading. A wilful girl who loved freedom and the ability to express herself. During this period in her childhood and particularly after the death of her father Catherine’s personality develops to the point where she is considered unruly. This culminates into her and Heathcliff, - with whom she has become close during her childhood - trespassing onto the grounds of Thrushcross Grange - the home of the Lintons who, having known Catherine, mistake her for a thief and are appalled at what she has become. â€Å"Why Cathy, you are quite a beauty† This observation from her brother Hindley demonstrates the change in catherine on her return to Wuthering Heights after the Lintons have looked after her. Bronte is careful to demonstrate that her personality remains unchanged even though her appearance and behaviour appear outwardly different. This change - and the pressure on Catherine to conform leads her to marrying Edgar Linton. Its apparent that she has nothing in common with him and marries him is for the better social position and money it will give her. This is a contradiction over her true personality reflected in the arguments throughout the ...

IS INTERNET ANONYMITY A MYTH OR REALITY Thesis

IS INTERNET ANONYMITY A MYTH OR REALITY - Thesis Example The aim of this research work is to analyse whether anonymity systems completely conceal the activity of a user or do they leave any residual information for others to identify the user. This research illustrates the different types and techniques of the anonymity tools. The low latency TOR network and the multi proxy aggregate services are discussed in detail along with the metrics for measuring anonymity. Based on these discussions, the major hypotheses of the research have been tested to find â€Å"Is Internet Anonymity a Myth or a Reality?† From the discussion of the design issues, implementation techniques, the types of attacks and the counter measures used to overcome the attacks, it has been found that in most of the scenarios, a common user could get acceptable level of anonymity by the usage of low latency networks like Tor and other multi proxy aggregate services. This is true because a common user may not expect an attack from a strong adversary. But when the user i s a specific company or a government agency that requires more anonymity, then the expected adversary may be strong. To handle such a strong adversary, specific methods of improvement as suggested by researchers need to be adopted. The practical implementation of these techniques may be challenging. Thus internet anonymity is a myth for specific users who require extreme anonymity, but internet anonymity is a reality for a common user. Contents Chapter 1 – Research Introduction 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Background of the Research 1.3. Research Aim and Objectives 1.4. Main Research Question 1.5. Research Hypotheses 1.6. Scope of the Research 1.7. Research Organization 1.8. Chapter summary Chapter 2 - Preliminary Literature Review 2.1. The Internet Architecture 2.2. Anonymity in Internet 2.3. Primitive Anonymous technology 2.4. Anonymity Tools 2.4.1. Freedom 2.x 2.4.2. Remailers 2.4.3. Freehaven 2.4.4. Digicash 2.4.5. Internet Cash Cards 2.5. Legal issues 2.6. Anonymous Users 2.7. Chapter summary Chapter 3 – Network latency and Anonymity 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Anonymity by High Latency 3.3. Anonymity by Low latency 3.4. Network topology and latency 3.5. Latency without noise 3.6. Challenges in implementing latency networks 3.6.1. Design issues 3.6.1.1. Transportation of data 3.6.1.2. Mid-Level Latency 3.6.1.3. Configuring nodes 3.6.1.4. Diversified Location 3.6.2. Social Challenges 3.6.2.1. Usability 3.6.2.2. Social Value 3.6.2.3. Sustainability 3.6.2.4. Bandwidth and Speed 3.7. Client location and latency 3.8. Circuit linking and latency 3.9. Performance of low latency networks 3.10. Chapter summary Chapter 4 - Multi-proxy Aggregate Services 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Types of Proxy servers 4.3. Need for multi proxy systems 4.4. Implementation of proxy services 4.4.1. A proxy system for intrusion tolerance system 4.4.2. A proxy model for multi modal access to internet services 4.4.3. Anonymous Signature Scheme 4.5. Dynamic Proxies 4.6. Chapter summary Ch apter 5 – TOR network 5.1. Introduction 5.2. TOR framework 5.3. The Onion Router Architecture 5.4. Second Generation TOR design 5.5. Cells in TOR 5.6. Circuit and streaming in TOR 5.6.1. Circuit construction 5.6.2. Streaming in Tor 5.7. Congestion Control 5.7.1. Throttling at circuit level 5.7.2. Throttling at stream

Who Will Benefit on a Heart Transplant Assignment

Who Will Benefit on a Heart Transplant - Assignment Example These individuals were Ozzie, Jerry, and Lisa. Heart conditions in each of these individuals were as a result of divergent reasons. In making such a decision, ethical and moral considerations ought to be followed. John Stuart Mill coined in the ethics of utilitarianism. This is considered one of the most widely used postulation incorporated in ethical decision making in the modern world. The main objective of utilitarianism is to produce pleasure or contentment. However, it is of importance to go deeper into this theory since a heart transplant would bring contentment to all the three individuals. Stuart believed that a decision should be based on the effects or end result it ought to bring. He further asserted that a decision should be made not only to benefit an individual, but also for the betterment of the community. Therefore, my choice of the patient to benefit from the transplant was Lisa. This was due to a number of reason supported by Stuart. Stuart believed that though people will always present cash as well as other precious commodities, decision-makers should focus on the benefits such contributions would bring to the community (Mill, 2007). Lisas parents had offered a donation of $2 million for the construction of a specialized facility within the health institution. In terms of benefiting the community, such a facility would give thousands of community members a second chance in life through identification and treatment of various heart conditions. On the other hand, if Ozzie benefited from the transplant, only a small proportion of teenagers would benefit from his services. Jerry will only be of benefit to his family and workplace. My choice was also directed by the theory of Hedonism by Aristippus. According to Timmons (2012), decision-makers should always make their pronouncements or choices centered on satisfaction. In other words, they should strive to capitalize on enjoyment or gratification at that particular time.  

Budgeting and reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Budgeting and reporting - Essay Example With such dominance in prices and number of consultations it is a disappointment that the firm has lower net income than the competitor. The advisory scheme is underutilized by the clients of the firm. On average they use around 75% of all prepaid consultations, which is not an advantage for the firm. The firm would prefer to have clients use all 100% and pay extra hours with regular fees. However, it has to be balanced with the satisfaction of the clients that might be happy to prepay current levels. Overall the firm looks more inefficient in managing costs compared to the competitor. Appendix 2 also reveals that the competitor attracts more new enquiries and gives more consultations to new clients. This is a sign of strong growth (Chadwick, 1997), combined with the number of complaints it indicates that the competitor is better at attracting and retaining new clients, which might provide substantial future advantage in the business development. The worrying number is the number of successful claims for negligent advice. Each successful claim undermines the reputation of the firm and projects a negative image to prospective and existing clients. It can be a big driver for clients to switch to the competitor in the future as it is a strong indicator of the service quality. The decision of the production director to source cheaper material and to use lower grade labour is reflected in the variance analysis. Material price increased, however, the material usage gace adverse effect due to increased wastage. Overall, the material variance is negative 5100-7500=-2400$, which signals that the benefit of using cheaper material with higher waste is questionable. The same goes for the lower grade labour, which improved labour rate and worsened labour efficiency. It shows that number of hours spent by the lower grade labour is higher than

Construct a profile of the ideal readers of Time and Heat. Remember Essay

Construct a profile of the ideal readers of Time and Heat. Remember that to do this you must demonstrate the validity of the profile in relationship to evidence - Essay Example One magazine is entertainment with the latest celeb news, the other news with occasional inserts on entertainment. One is Heat magazine, the other is Time. One is cheeky, ironic, punchy, fun; the other is serious, driven, dramatic, and dry. Much money soaks the magazine publishing market. And much is poured into increasing the pounds and dollars—with research, analysis, and aggressive sales efforts. Of the latter, with investments on the part of magazine publishers, a predominant sum goes to studying readership demographics. Such studies, which include reader usage measure (RUM), reveal determinations of attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of public place readers (magazine.org), means through which readers obtain such a magazine, degree of involvement with the magazine, and levels of satisfaction with specific magazine elements. These studies, then, determine—among many factors—who and what the target audience is. A composite readership profile exists for every such periodical. Given these facts, and based on semiotic analysis of two specific issues—both special editions—of Heat and Time, this paper will profile the targeted reader, the signifà © (signifier) Adopting the theories of semiotics, this paper will additionally work with the approaches that hold that categories within the two periodicals (as phenomena) are indispensable to the analysis of the way literature can produce feeling (Pierce)—and in the case of advertising (textual and pictorial) can instill or appeal to desire (to sell magazines and material goods). This will be accomplished in two contexts, the images and the texts—in the same regard as semioticist Roland Barthes addresses the concerns of language not as representing reality but signifying it (1957, 1970), making the job of the critic that of analysing the

St George Cabinet by Philip Webb, reaction against commercialism Essay

St George Cabinet by Philip Webb, reaction against commercialism - Essay Example The importance of this piece during this time frame relates to the movements which were occurring against commercialization and the associations which many artists had with the changes occurring in society. Background of St. George Cabinet Saint George’s Cabinet was made in 1861 by Phillip Webb, a renowned architect of the time, as well as his collaborator William Morris. The focus of the cabinet began with the philosophy of a group of artists and individuals which Morris and Webb both belonged to movements which were interested in keeping the fine arts as a main association in society. This movement turned back to the classical structures and paintings, specifically renowned before the 1300s2. The exhibition of displays included intricate furnishings to homes, stained glass windows, large tapestries and murals inclusive of patterns and designs as were a part of the time frame. Each of these were known as an approach to the decorative and ornamental arts because of the intrica te work done, and that both Webb and Morris believed had value in developing a different association with the arts in the current time frame3. The associations with the artistic culture were furthered by the craftsmanship specifically because of other philosophies and considerations of both as well as the expectations for the cabinet. Morris was associated with the church restoration of the time and had developed a deep understanding of the pagan and Christian beliefs associated with the building of the churches during this time. Both also had a strong association with the resurrection of the church and the need to go back to the fundamental beliefs as a part of society, as opposed to the viewpoints as were a part of the church at the time. The scenes used depicted one of the famous stories of St George and is regarded as one of the most important scenes in Biblical history. The ornamentation and associations with this were used to highlight and bring to light the resurrection of th is particular story while trying to move back into the original form of the story that was a part of the time frame. This was combined with the expectation given to the cabinet to show it at the World Exhibition as a part of the arts and handicraft movement of the time4. Making of the Cabinet The cabinet made was a combination of pine and oak material, as well as an overlay of mahogany added after the cabinet was completed. This was combined with copper mounts used for the main display. The cabinet has a rectangular cupboard on a stand and with three doors with a lock plate. There are five scenes located around the cabinet, all divided unevenly among the three doors. The scenes are separated by daisy heads and vertical wavy lines with the rest of the cabinet painted in black with shell patterns and spots on the side and top of the cupboard. It is known the ornamentation is a combination of Orientalism was popular at the time as well as the artistic techniques were of interest to Web b and Morris5. (see Appendix A and B). The painting used for this particular cabinet can also be noted, not only with basic designs, but also with the process used by Morris. The figures in the paintings were depicted by poses of family friends as well as Morris’ wife for the painting. The interior decoration also used the process of layering, specifically with tinted varnish on the ground of silver leaf. This was a medieval method Burges had recently discovered and used with many of

Exploring Another Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Exploring Another Ethnicity - Essay Example The distinct ethnic groups have diverse attitudes, rituals, actions, religious traits, and cultural beliefs. As such, ethnicity plays a big role in the American society although the American society rarely defines people according to their ethnic groups (O'Neil Web). My Ethnicity is both Arab and Hispanic. This paper seeks to address another ethnic group that I do not belong. In this case, I will address the Indian American ethnic group as part of the America society. To achieve this, I will describe rituals, actions, religious aspects, cultures, and morals of an Indian American wedding that I attended. Indeed, it was my first time to attend an Indian American wedding and the entire event was culturally strange, informing, and somehow entertaining to me. Notably, most Indian American is Hindus and as such, the wedding ceremony was in a Hindu setting unlike my normal Muslim setting. My Feelings in an Indian American Wedding Ceremony Actually, the whole setting was completely new to me and although I had previously heard of the uniqueness of the Indian weddings, I have never been a witness. As such, I had much anxiety that derived mixed feelings as the reality of the wedding came to me. To some extent, I had expectations that any wedding must derive a lot of fun but was equally aware that the difference in cultures would deny me such fun, as it would be challenging to follow the proceedings of the ceremony. The different rituals and cultural dimensions that the wedding to me. More so, the Hindu religion aspects and even the language in application created loneliness and a feeling of isolation during the wedding. Indeed, everybody was in a joyous mood and I equally tried to adapt to the celebratory mood but I could rarely understand the various procedures adopted in the ceremony. However, with the help of my Indian friend, I would manage to glimpse and understand some happenings in the Indian American wedding. My Feelings in an Indian and an African American Event This situation was somehow similar to an African American wedding ceremony that I attended in a Christian setting. Indeed, the feeling of isolation of the real time happenings was still eminent in that Christian setting. Indeed, the Christian and the Hindu religion are quite new to me as I profess the Muslim religion. Moreover, the Indian and the black American traditions, rituals, and traditions are different from the Hispanic and Arabic. As such, my earlier situation was significantly similar to the reference situation where I attended the wedding ceremony in an Indian cultural setting. In both instances, I would struggle to understand the language in application, the rituals, and the cultures as seen in their dressing and code of conduct. Influence of Group Membership, Race, and Personality in Interpretation My group membership, race, and personal attributes are however fundamental in interpreting the situation. Actually, the members in our group include people from different et hnic groups and hence I have lived to embrace cultural diversity. As such, I can interpret that any wedding creates a source of joy and is of cultural importance to any ethnic group. Therefore, I interpret that the wedding ceremony in the Indian America setting is important to their culture. On the other hand, my race accommodates cultural diversity and respects other cultures and their traditions. Hence, my race helps me to deduce the importance of such a wedding

Construct a profile of the ideal readers of Time and Heat. Remember Essay

Construct a profile of the ideal readers of Time and Heat. Remember that to do this you must demonstrate the validity of the profile in relationship to evidence - Essay Example One magazine is entertainment with the latest celeb news, the other news with occasional inserts on entertainment. One is Heat magazine, the other is Time. One is cheeky, ironic, punchy, fun; the other is serious, driven, dramatic, and dry. Much money soaks the magazine publishing market. And much is poured into increasing the pounds and dollars—with research, analysis, and aggressive sales efforts. Of the latter, with investments on the part of magazine publishers, a predominant sum goes to studying readership demographics. Such studies, which include reader usage measure (RUM), reveal determinations of attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of public place readers (magazine.org), means through which readers obtain such a magazine, degree of involvement with the magazine, and levels of satisfaction with specific magazine elements. These studies, then, determine—among many factors—who and what the target audience is. A composite readership profile exists for every such periodical. Given these facts, and based on semiotic analysis of two specific issues—both special editions—of Heat and Time, this paper will profile the targeted reader, the signifà © (signifier) Adopting the theories of semiotics, this paper will additionally work with the approaches that hold that categories within the two periodicals (as phenomena) are indispensable to the analysis of the way literature can produce feeling (Pierce)—and in the case of advertising (textual and pictorial) can instill or appeal to desire (to sell magazines and material goods). This will be accomplished in two contexts, the images and the texts—in the same regard as semioticist Roland Barthes addresses the concerns of language not as representing reality but signifying it (1957, 1970), making the job of the critic that of analysing the

Exploring Another Ethnicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Exploring Another Ethnicity - Essay Example The distinct ethnic groups have diverse attitudes, rituals, actions, religious traits, and cultural beliefs. As such, ethnicity plays a big role in the American society although the American society rarely defines people according to their ethnic groups (O'Neil Web). My Ethnicity is both Arab and Hispanic. This paper seeks to address another ethnic group that I do not belong. In this case, I will address the Indian American ethnic group as part of the America society. To achieve this, I will describe rituals, actions, religious aspects, cultures, and morals of an Indian American wedding that I attended. Indeed, it was my first time to attend an Indian American wedding and the entire event was culturally strange, informing, and somehow entertaining to me. Notably, most Indian American is Hindus and as such, the wedding ceremony was in a Hindu setting unlike my normal Muslim setting. My Feelings in an Indian American Wedding Ceremony Actually, the whole setting was completely new to me and although I had previously heard of the uniqueness of the Indian weddings, I have never been a witness. As such, I had much anxiety that derived mixed feelings as the reality of the wedding came to me. To some extent, I had expectations that any wedding must derive a lot of fun but was equally aware that the difference in cultures would deny me such fun, as it would be challenging to follow the proceedings of the ceremony. The different rituals and cultural dimensions that the wedding to me. More so, the Hindu religion aspects and even the language in application created loneliness and a feeling of isolation during the wedding. Indeed, everybody was in a joyous mood and I equally tried to adapt to the celebratory mood but I could rarely understand the various procedures adopted in the ceremony. However, with the help of my Indian friend, I would manage to glimpse and understand some happenings in the Indian American wedding. My Feelings in an Indian and an African American Event This situation was somehow similar to an African American wedding ceremony that I attended in a Christian setting. Indeed, the feeling of isolation of the real time happenings was still eminent in that Christian setting. Indeed, the Christian and the Hindu religion are quite new to me as I profess the Muslim religion. Moreover, the Indian and the black American traditions, rituals, and traditions are different from the Hispanic and Arabic. As such, my earlier situation was significantly similar to the reference situation where I attended the wedding ceremony in an Indian cultural setting. In both instances, I would struggle to understand the language in application, the rituals, and the cultures as seen in their dressing and code of conduct. Influence of Group Membership, Race, and Personality in Interpretation My group membership, race, and personal attributes are however fundamental in interpreting the situation. Actually, the members in our group include people from different et hnic groups and hence I have lived to embrace cultural diversity. As such, I can interpret that any wedding creates a source of joy and is of cultural importance to any ethnic group. Therefore, I interpret that the wedding ceremony in the Indian America setting is important to their culture. On the other hand, my race accommodates cultural diversity and respects other cultures and their traditions. Hence, my race helps me to deduce the importance of such a wedding

Summer Vacations Essay Example for Free

Summer Vacations Essay 1. What I did on my summer vacations. Last summer, we can’t have a lot of relaxing vacations, because I have to move here, but we have a one weekend that my family and I went to Cancun. We had great time together with the joy of swimming, lying on the beach and got a lot of souvenirs. That was my vacation on July. The weather was so hot. My father decided to go to Cancun beach. We bought 5 train-tickets and went on the trip excitedly. That night I couldnt sleep well. I just thought about the interests. We arrived at 9 am. Then my parents rent a house for a hotel. We unlocked our handbag and quickly went to the beach. Dad brought us a kite to fly it. We swam a lot, until 11 am. At lunch time, we ate burgers with bacon. The food was so delicious that my brother wanted to eat more and more. We took a nap for about 3 hours, then got up to meet some friends. Unfortunately, when we arrived at my father friends house, he wasnt at home that time. Some neighbors told us that he had came to the beach to relax. So we decided to go there by taxi. The cost wasnt expensive. When we arrived, my fathers friend was eating a lot. Then we stay there to swime until 6 o clock. At night, we went sight-seeing with some tourist. We saw beautiful natural landscapes and ate ice-cream. We felt pleasant. 2. How my family celebrates Holydays First, my mom and two girls in my family (Mom, grandmother, aunt, cousin etc..) get together to cook an â€Å"epic meal each year we used to go over Xmas eve to 1 of sister-in-laws house for whole family gathering†¦. There are 3 kids in my family, did the Xmas tree present thing and all that. Would say Thank You prayer when all done. Now 2 are grown up oldest has 2 little ones so history repeats itself with my grown kids and grandchildren. All at my house, nice midday meal and enjoyment of each other. At night we used to put the presents in the tree, but there is no little kids in the family, so we haven’t wait untill next morning to open them, always is a nice time with the family and we vow to make everyday like Xmas.

Madonna: Queen Of The Pop

Madonna: Queen Of The Pop When you hear the word Madonna, a lot of thoughts and memories might come to your mind. Some of us would remember her as this young blonde girl who was singing songs like Like a Virgin or Papa dont preach in her debuts, others will rather remember her countless tours around the world, other might think more of the controversies she caused and other might just criticize her for her latest trial to adopt a child of the Malawi. Since we are doing a music project, I will try to be as focused on her music as much as possible but since Shes Madonna (Robbie Williams song), I will to talk about her overall career. According to Biography (2009), Madonna was born Madonna Louise Ciccone in 1958 in Michigan, USA. She grew up in the Catholic faith, lost her mother by cancer when she was still 5 years old and was an incident that highly affected Madonnas teenage days who said I think the biggest reason I was able to express myself and not be intimated was by not having a motherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ For example, mothers teach you manners. And I absolutely did not learn any of those rules and regulations. Her stepmother treated her like Cinderella since she had to take care of her younger sisters and brothers and that made her revolt by rejecting her faith and putting exposed clothes. Being an excellent student, and a fine dancer, she dropped college and decided to learn dance in New York City. (ibid) She met Dan Gilroy of Breakfast Club and discovered the combination of the stage and the singing. She went solo in 1981 and released her first hit Everybody in 1982 under her original name Madonna which has reached the first place on the dance charts of that year. The rest was like a fairy tale (ibid). The success was immediate and her album Madonna which sold 10 million copies in the world set the artist for an international career according to Linternaute (2009). Musical style Peach (1998:191) notes in her book that Her music shifted from disco and bubble-gum to rock to personal statements and melodic torch singing, then, with the aid of her music videos, to pop modernism . Listening to her songs and her albums, we can notice that her first albums are very different musically speaking from her last album. Madonna evolved with the demand of its epoch along with her style and her clothes. In fact, I listened to her second album Like a virgin and it was talking more about the universal themes like the parents, family, marriage and giving morals and was more pop and rock than her last album Hard candy which was a mixture of Pop, dance, electro pop, RB, hip hop which by the way I didnt personally like. Although on her 2nd albums cover, she was dressed in a wedding robe and her hair was long while her last albums cover shows a Madonna more provocateur than ever touching her lips, putting the cross and wearing a wrestlers belt. Why do people listen to her? I do believe that despite that she now reached the age of 50 years; shes still famous and well known for her music. In fact, she is not talented naturally nor is a Miss Universe. Grant (2005:6) wrote that the activities she do which are music videos, concerts, records, movies, books and charity events have all one goal which is the search for a celebrity position. Grant (ibid ) argues that once she reached this status, she started abusing from it and using it to attract or reject more people around the world especially when it came to using sex as a advertising instrument, pornographic images, nudity, suggestions of sexual deviance and combination of sexual and spiritual themes. Shes an icon, shes famous worldwide. The church condemned her music and especially her album like a prayer. In 1992, she released a book called Sex which showed some pictures of her in different erotic poses (Biography, 2009). I see Madonna as an entrepreneur who knew how to keep up to date with her epoch and this can be seen from her musical style and clothing style and I believe people adore this type of person because if a singer doesnt bring up constantly something new , people will get used to his/her style and soon he/she will be forsaken. Targeted Audience The youth are Madonnas prime target since her last album Hard Candy was for example featuring her and Justin Timberlake on the song 4 minutes to save the world, Timbaland and the Neptunes who are icons for the younger generation. Also she talks about other young talents like Ali G or William Orbit:Ive met these people along the way in my career and I want to take them everywhere I go. I want to incorporate them into my little factory of ideas. I also come into contact with a lot of young talent that I feel entrepreneurial about (from Grant (2005:6)). This is also a confirmation of her steps to keep up to date with its epoch. As for the targeted people when she started, and talking from a personal point of view, I remember my mother telling me that she used to listen to Madonna in her 20s but nowadays she doesnt follow her actuality anymore since it is not her style of songs any longer and in fact, when going higher in age, our tastes and interests change. This means that her target w as always the youth generation (early 20s to 32). Relationships related to Other Activities As mentioned before, Madonna is a singer, writer, dancer, movie actress. When reading about her multiple relationships with famous people of her epoch, I can see that these relationships were a strategy for reaching goals faster than normal. She dated Dan Gilroy of the breakfast club, her first band ever, then with the musician Jellybean Benitez (AbsoluteMadonna, 2009). Her marriage with movie actor Sean Penn took place in the equivalent timeline of her entry to the world of Hollywood. At this point of time, she was already famous and many men were actually looking forward to date her. Nowadays, she has a boy toy named Jesus whom she uses for every task. Influences In an interview with Larry King Live cited on CNN (1999), she says that her influences were Led Zeppelin, Karen Carpenter, the Suppremes and Martha Graham, Rudolph Nureyev for the dance. As for the influences of actors, she admits in an interview with the TIME magazine in 1985 cited in Allaboutmadonna (2009) I also loved Carole Lombard and Judy Holliday and Marilyn Monroe. They were all just incredibly funny, and they were silly and sweet and they were girls and they were feminine and sexy. The provocateur, the icon Madonna is such a big icon that many artists/bands have sung songs about her like the Shes Madonnaby Robbie Williams or even the song Do it with Madonna from The Android (Onpedia, 2009). We cannot compare her to Elvis Presley whos got more than 50 songs referencing him, but we can say she does pretty well. Her domination of the Masculine sex is incontestable. Peach (1998:198) writes in her book talking about the Queen of the Pop that she was [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] frequently wearing mens clothes, grabbing her crotch, and declaring she the boss, thus occupying male positions. She also had her male dancers wear fake breasts, womens clothes, and submit to her power and control. The message was that male and female were social constructs that could be deconstructed and that women could occupy male positions, roles, and behavior and vice versa. In her fourth album Like a prayer, Madonna broke all the traditions of her time being the first singer to reveal what is normally masked by showing off one bellys button as we can see on the albums cover (Virginmedia). She was a pioneer in this type of marketing. Madonna has been voted by the Advocate, a LGBT magazine as the biggest gay icon of all time as seen on Madonnanewsroom (2009). Who doesnt remember her kissing Britney Spears in a trio with Christ ina Aguilera? I still remember it very well when it happened in 2003 and at that time, I was only aged 14 years old and I was shocked by this kiss. I do think that following this video, I started to learn more about the LGBT community especially the lesbians. Records Dailymail (2006) wrote that Madonna made the highest earnings a female singer has ever achieved. The Guardian (2008) notes that Madonna made it into the UK Top 40 every year except three years; 1988, 2004 and 2007. She has sold more than 200 million albums worldwide in 27 years of career according to ArticlesBase (2007). Interesting Facts The following facts have their sources from The Guardian (2008): According to her brother Christopher, the only thing Madonna can cook is Rice Krispie cakes. This means that dishes she is incapable of serving up include La Isla Bolognese, Dear Jelly, Hanky Lamb Shanky, Dont Cry for Me Polenta, and Crazy for Yule Log. Like A Virgin was originally written for a MAN. Madonna once noted: I want to be like Gandhi and Martin Luther King and John Lennon but I want to stay alive. Madonna lost her virginity in the back of a Cadillac, later explaining that she saw it as a career move. Conclusion As words of conclusion, I would like to say that Madonna has never stopped to surprise us with whatever she does, was it controversial, unusual or provocateur, and I do believe that she will remain the Queen of the pop constantly adapting herself to the changes and variations of our epoch. As time goes on, she will keep breaking records and I do believe that her age is not a barrier at all.