Case study on kerry group Essay

Introduction As part of my business management assignment I have been asked to investigate and evaluate the internal and external environment of an organization and the impact of change on an organization I intend on outlining the purpose, mission, vision , objectives and structure of this organization, explain the relevance of the type of structure. Do a pest and swot analysis and evaluate the impact of change on the organization , I will be completing this assignment with the aid of the website , Kerryfoodgroup.com the internet and my class notes. Aims The aims of this assignment are to ensue I cover the following aspects: Relevant information appropriately presented  Understanding and knowledge of chosen topic clearly demonstrated Present relevant data and statistics that support my work  Comprehensive evaluation of topic clearly demonstrated  Conclusions and recommendations bibliography Organisation types I am going to explore the following organisation types: Sole Trader Private limited Company Public limited Company Co-Operative Sole trader A sole trader is a type of business entity that allows one person to be solely responsible for the financial dealings of the business. The benefits and disadvantages of being a sole trader Advantages You are your own boss . Set your own working hours. Pick your rate of pay. Easy to set up. This form of business ownership has fewer regulations than other systems of ownership do. And another major benefit of operating as a sole trader is the ability to exert full control over the business Disadvantages Unlimited liability No sick pay. All pressure and responsibility is on you. No one o cover you if something happens Income tax 20-41% No one to share decision’s Suffer all losses Private Limited Company Private limited companies are viewed as corporations under the law and share several common characteristics with all corporations. However, private corporations are owned and operated by a small group of people. Because of their structure, private limited corporations operate under a set of limitations not imposed on public corporations. Advantages A private limited company is run by a small group, Many of them members of a single family, that wishes to limit the influence of outsiders on its company. Because private limited companies are run by a small group, they are usually not subject to takeovers and other challenges faced by public companies. The minmum required to set one upis 1 person and the max is 99. Disadvantages Profit Sharing Taxes Lack of privacy, information concerning the company is made public. Public limited company A company whose shares are traded on a stock exchange and can be bought and sold by anyone. Public companies are strictly regulated, and are required by law to publish their complete and true financial position so that investors can determine the true worth of its stock . Also called a plc Facebook is a reality formed plc . Advantages There is limited liability for the shareholders. The business has separate legal entity. There is continuity even if any of the shareholders die. These businesses can raise large capital sum as there is no limit to the number of shareholders. The shares of the business are freely transferable providing more liquidity to its shareholders . Disadvantages There are lot of legal bits and pieces required for forming a public limited company. It is costly and time consuming. In order to protect the interest of the ordinary investor there are strict controls and regulations to comply. These companies have to publish their accounts. The original owners may lose control. Public Limited companies are huge in size and may face management problems such as slow decision making and industrial relations problems. Co-Operative  A co-operative is a group of people acting together to meet the common needs and aspirations of its members e.g the Credit union, sharing ownership and making decisions democratically. Co-operatives are not about making big profits for shareholders, but creating value for customers this is what gives co operatives a unique character, and influences our values and principles. Advantages It is usually inexpensive to register a cooperative. All members and shareholders must be active in the cooperative. Shareholders have an equal vote at general meetings regardless of their shareholding or involvement in the cooperative. Members, other than directors, can be under  18, though these members cannot stand for office and do not have the right to vote. Shareholders, directors, managers and employees have no responsibility for debts of the cooperative unless those debts are caused recklessly, negligently or fraudulently. A cooperative is owned and controlled by its members, rather than its investors. Disadvantages There must be a minimum of five members. There is a usually a limited distribution of surplus (profits) to members/shareholders and some cooperatives may prohibit the distribution of any surplus to members/shareholders. Even though some shareholders may have a greater involvement or investment than others, they still only get one vote. Active and direct involvement of members/shareholders in the cooperative. These bullet points and definitions where all found in my class notes and I also used www.cro.ie Kerry Foods Group The company I am going to focus on will be Kerry foods group the history of the organisation traces the evolution and growth of Kerry Group from its modest beginnings in the south west of Ireland some 30 years ago into a successful, publicly traded, multinational corporation and leading player in the global food industry. Having commenced operation from a green field site in Listowel, Co. Kerry in 1972, the Kerry organisation has realised sustained profitable growth with current annualised sales of approximately â‚ ¬5.8 billion, Kerry Group today is a world leader in food ingredients and flavours serving the food and beverage industry, and a leading supplier of added value brands and customer branded foods to the Irish and UK markets. Kerry has grown to become one of the largest and most technologically advanced manufacturers of ingredients and flavours in the world. Spanning all major food categories, Kerry’s core technologies and global resources in culinary, dairy, lipid, meat, cereal, sweet and beverage systems and flavours provide innovative, practical product solutions to food manufacturers and food service companies. Purpose Kerry Foods operates in Ireland and the UK. they market there own brands across a wide range of categories and supply supermarket private labels in selected areas. they also have become one of the leading chilled foods companies in the geography through: A strong portfolio of brands, in which they continue to invest and grow Close working relationships with retail customers to develop mutually successful, private label business An unrivalled national service to the independent convenience sector, in both the UK and Ireland Mission statement Kerry Group will be: – the world leader in food ingredients and flavours serving the food and beverage industry, and – a leading supplier of added value brands and customer branded foods to the Irish and UK markets Through the skills and wholehearted commitment of ther employees, we will be leaders in our selected markets – excelling in product quality, technical and marketing creativity and service to our customers We are committed to the highest standards of business and ethical behavior, to fulfilling our responsibilities to the communities which we serve and to the creation of long-term value for all stakeholders on a socially and environmentally sustainable basis. Vision Group Goals & Long Term Targets †¢ Group revenue: +2% to +4% (LFL) volume growth †¢ Margin: 10% Group margin in 5 years †¢ Adjusted EPS* 10%+ †¢ ROAE* 15%+ and CFROI 12%+ Objectives Kerry’s Sustainability Programme represents a journey of continuous improvement – an ongoing process and strategy to secure sustainable growth. Sustainability is at the heart of our business strategy and enshrined in our corporate mission statement.As a world leader in ingredients & flavors and as a major consumer foods organization in Europe, Kerry aims to conduct its business in a responsible and sustainable manner. This demands a holistic approach to Group activities involving close liaison with our customers, suppliers, regulatory authorities, employees and other relevant stakeholders.Our Kerry Group Sustainability Council appraises, directs and provides leadership in promoting industry best practice sustainability program throughout the Group. Its membership includes Directors of Group functions with responsibility for all pillars of Kerry’s Sustainability Programme. Structure of the organization Business structure The Group is divided into several divisions: â€Å"Kerry Ingredients & Flavours† is the largest division producing over 15,000 ingredients, flavours and integrated solutions from more than 125 manufacturing sites worldwide. It claims to have become the largest and most technologically advanced provider of technology-based ingredients, flavours and integrated systems. â€Å"Kerry Foods† supplies added-value branded and customer branded food products to supermarket chains, convenience stores and independent retailers across the UK and Ireland. It has 15 manufacturing facilities all in Ireland and the UK. Products include sausage, sliced bacon, sliced meats, pastry products, ready meals, ready-to-cook products, savoury snacks, cheese, cheese snacks, dairy spreads, low-fat spreads, UHT products, home-baking products, salads, sandwiches and fruit juices. Consumer branded products include – in Ireland: Denny, Galtee, LowLow, Dairygold, Cheestrings, Charleville Cheese, Shaws, Coleraine, Golden Cow, EasiSingles, Dawn, Roscrea, Kerrymaid, Golden Olive, Mitchelstown, Calvita, Ballyfree, Move over Butter and Freshways – in the UK: Richmond, Wall’s,  Mattessons, LowLow, Cheestrings, Pure, Mr. Brain’s, Porkinsons, Bowyers, Lawsons, Green’s and Homepride. â€Å"Kerry Agribusiness† is headquartered in Charleville, Co. Cork, and works with the Group’s 4,000 milk suppliers in Ireland, to produce milk and related dairy products. Why have structures? Because it allows each sector to oranise itself. All businesses have to know what to do A clear structure makes it easier to understand the organisations objectives Organization chart What is a organisation chart? Companies use the organizational chart to pictorially depict their prevailing hierarchies, work flow and authority-responsibility diagrams. Small companies use flat organizational charts and large companies use tall organizational charts. Function The main purpose in drawing an organizational chart is to visually represent employee structures of the organization. One glance at the chart tells the viewer of all reporting to a particular employee and to whom he is answerable for work-related matters. Features A tall organizational chart is one that is shaped like a pyramid. There are several layers and tiers of employees. This structure is narrow and the top and broad at the bottom. A flat organizational chart is wide and expansive all throughout. More often than not, the employees report directly to the top management. This is pictorially depicted by a flat organizational chart. Considerations The type of organizational chart that the company draws must be based on the type of trade it is into. It is not practical and feasible for large  companies to have a flat organizational structure and chart. Large companies tend to centralize authority and departmentalize their strategic functions. Likewise, when small companies use the tall organizational structure and chart, they have to deal with greater bureaucracy and middlemen’s salaries. Is Kerry food group a flat or tall organisation? Swot Analysis of Kerry Group Kerry Group, Plc. Category Food Processing Sector Food and Beverages Tagline/ Slogan Brands that deliver USP Its worldwide facilities and unrivalled technical support network guarantees that its highly acclaimed ingredient systems and technologies are available to food processor or foodservice companies in all markets. STP Segment Business segments: Ingredients incorporating Culinary, Flavours and Bio-Science, Consumer Foods, Agribusiness and Dairies Target Group Agribusiness: Food sector, Animal feed sector, Drinks sector Consumer Foods & Dairies Consumers of branded & private labeled food products Positioning Committed to evolving food and developing brands that deliver, time and time again SWOT Analysis Strength 1. Established global processing and technical network with an ingredients portfolio extending to some nine thousand products to food processor and foodservice markets in over 120 different countries 2. Core technological strengths in savory ingredients, sweet ingredients, food coating systems, nutritional systems and specialty protein applications 3. An unrivalled national service to the independent convenience sector, in both the UK and Ireland 4. Close working relationships with retail customers to develop mutually successful, private label business 5. One of the leading consumer brands in Ireland and Europe Weakness 1.Input cost volatility due to raw material pricing being impacted by adverse crop production conditions 2. Limited market share and Pressure from competitive markets 3.Ingredients and Flavours market is highly fragmented Opportunity 1.Growth in demand for convenient ‘ready-to-use’ foods to match modern lifestyles and for fresh natural food products 2.Growing Ingredients and Flavours market 3. Tapping global capability via emerging markets & global customers Threats 1.Food industry supply and demand issues 2.Commodity cost inflationary momentum 3.Impact of foreign exchange fluctuations Competition Competitors 1.Associated British Foods Plc. 2.Greencore Group Plc. 3. Westbury Dairies Limited Pest analysis

Crazy Eddie Essay

1) Red flags were the increase on short-term investment receivables why would an electronic company have short-term investments in the first place. Increase of prepaid inventory in 1987 should be alarm nearly double from 1986. The company gross profit margin was stable of around 13%-16% average there was no need to increase inventory prepaid. Also lack of accounts payable and account receivable was a sign every retail company should have bad debt expense or allowance for doubtful accounts as customers may commit fraud to purchase products. The inventory age of went from 80 in 1986 to 111 in 1987 yet cost of goods sold primarily consisted of inventory was average from 1984 to 1987 2) Several audit procedures could have been performed to attest Crazy Eddie wrong doing A) The falsifying inventory count sheet would be detected if the auditors randomly performed inventory count and compare it to the Crazy Eddie sheet and consulted with inventory experts of how companies can deceive auditors. B) Bogus email could been investigated by requesting back support documentation to support the memos and also if this was mentioned  during executive meetings by reviewing the executive board minutes. Also by contacting the vendor and reconciling their receivables to payables of Crazy Eddie. C) Transhipping sales would have been by reviewing account receivable process from start to finish. Review payment of the sale invoices and checking shipping department log of when transshipment was done and of course contact the buyer to authenticate the sale to place. D) Consignment of inventory is to also audit their inventory and compare it to Crazy Eddie log and review of the contra ct between both parties how they operate the consignment agreement 3) As auditors they analyze the industry they are in and even compare financial records of other companies in the same industry for regularities and irregularities. During the 80’s it was evident that the electronic industry was declining and ever changing leaving certain products to being obsolete. Transhipping made it difficult, as they were able and justify the reasoning for buying large number of products however auditors should be able to communicate with supervisors of the life shelf of products and be able to produce aging schedule for each product they sell. 4) Lowballing in the audit context is to charge a client cheap in order to offer other services at fair or premium costs. Other services perform by the same firm of the independent client does violate its independence as the firm footprint with the company gets bigger and creates conflict of interest as some can be audits of services they provided to the company violating external independence and objectively 5) Member of the audit team if a third of the sample size I requested cannot be find I would suspicious and question if the sale even took place. Also means that I will need to select more sales with that time period to see if more exceptions appear. Also I would receive their sales process and witness the process for deficiencies and evaluate other ways to detect red flags for example selecting sales from shipping department or warehouse department for possible red flags as well. 6) I believe its common for audit members to join clients team as management already know the value he brings and since Sarbanes Oxley and PCAOB does not prohibit the practice will continue on. That person is familiar with their accounting system therefore he will be more efficient that bringing a person new also the relationship with audit firm can be strengthen and less problematic having that person as an liaison during the audit period. The cons are the negative light and question the independence of the audit firm. The person may have extensive knowledge how to deceive and commit unethical transactions without his former employer knowing. Facts Eddie was born in 1947 into a large close Syrian family. and dropped out of high school at the age of 16 years old and peddled television in Brooklyn neighborhood. By 1969 Antar and one of his cousins have funds to open consumer electronic store called Crazy Eddie. Crazy Eddie was nickname given to Antar through his behavior towards customers, vendors, and subordinates. For example Antar would block the exit door even locking door until the individual agreed to buy something anything Antar distinctive trait was the inability to trust anyone outside his big family circle and mostly relatives hold company positions in all capacity. Crazy Eddie was know for marketing advertising antics in 1972 Antar hired radio personality know as Dr. Jerry as Crazy Eddie’s advertising spokesman. Discounting policy was the theme to the campaigns promising to refund the difference of the selling price and lower retail price with the 30 days of purchase. In the early 1980’s electron industry exploded lead to increasing growth to Crazy Eddie by 1987 the company product sales were the following Antar encourage to upsell the customer and to purchase extended warranty as the electronic was already insured by the manufacturer lead to high profit margin Crazy Eddie would purchase large amount of quantity and avoid large concessions expenses that allowed him ‘’transhipper ‘’ commonly known as secondary supplier to smaller stores in the New York City area . In1983 Crazy Eddie decided to go public to raise capital for expansion but  was delayed over year for the IPO as underwriter discovered several discrepancies of the company financial records and relatives role in the business key example his wife and mother received 6 figure salaries for little or no work. Recommended Antar to hire CFO with public company experience and hired his cousin Sam Antar as his CFO. The sale of stock was tremendous success and with the permission of the SEC issued 200,000 more stock. One way to sway financial analyst for positive reviews was to invite them to his store and show his salesman skills to close sales . One analyst wrote ‘’Crazy is a self disciplined competently organized firm with a sophisticated management and a well trained, dedicated staff’’ Based on the 1984-1987 financial statement and rave financial reviews investors from the IPO realized 1,000 percent increase In 1986 Antar resigned from the company but remained chairperson member but after a few weeks he completely withdrew from the company. By 1987 the end of the electronic bubble, increased local competition, diminished supplier leverage, and family issues most notably bitter divorce as a result family members picking sides were the indication of the Crazy Eddie downfall. Mismanagement of the company and poor financial reports plummeted the stock as regulatory officials started investigating. November 1987 the company was taken over by two individuals while performing due diligence they uncovered 65 million inventory storage Extensive investigating SEC alleged Antar was worried about company stock and ordered staff commit fraud by overstate/understate balance sheet items like overstate receivable by 2 million the following yellow understating payables by 9 million dollars. Overstated inventory with non-existent products Prepare bogus memos reports and entered in company accounting records Included consignment & goods to manufacturer as revenue Overstating transshipping inventory transactions Understating COSGS Peat Marwick was the Crazy Eddie accounting firm but the underwriters  suggested to hire bigger recognizable firm and comply to hire Main Hurdman that merged with Marwick was the independent auditor for modest ‘’lowball’’ fee while offering over non-auditing services to make up the difference. Hurdman charged Crazy Eddie 85 thousand for auditing service while charging millions to do their computer inventory systems. Questioning Hurdman independence and objectively as Crazy Eddie accountant were former Hurdman staff. Hurdman defense was Antar would properly stock year end inventory to hide any shortages and systematically conceal documentations of shortages and to junk their computer operated inventory system and return to manual system making difficult to determine actual ending inventory at time period the entire accounting department participating in the collusion to throw off auditors. In 1989 Crazy Eddie lost line of credit and filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy Antar was arrested with 17 counts of financial fraud in 1993 and publicly admitted to defrauding investors by manipulating accounting records in May of 1996. Lawsuit was settled in 1993 in the amount of 42 million to various defendants including Peat Marwick Analysis Crazy Eddie problems started with the idea to increase its expand the heavily tied family business and decided to take the company public than have venture capitalist provide the capital instead. We can see why it went public electronic started becoming the norm and disposable income complimented the fast growing industry. Crazy Eddie had the advantage similar to Wal-Mart being able to purchase large quantities at a low rate and taking a step forward to being second supplier to small business. Crazy Eddie failed to acknowledge or wasn’t aware of the product cycle and wasn’t able to forecast of where the industry was headed nor did it know the life of technology it was buying would not outpace demand. Management at Crazy Eddie raised concerns regarding experience and education to make sound decisions to operating and financing structure the company needed also family had to be problem as some relatives received a salary just because they’re family. After going public the Antar realized financial ratios had to be sound and used his power to convince the public that his company was  growing despite the current trends. His power was used to commit fraud and deceive the public in order to maintain the stock price like Enron would do a decade later and had the support of the entire accounting finance decision as no one reported to the SEC of their wrong doing Recommendations Recommendations for Crazy Eddie are to have the right management in place from executives to senior positions. Individuals that understand the industry trends and operate as efficiently possible. Finance department needed not only strong accounting department but an even stronger internal audit department that can properly perform Sarbanes Oxley section 404, SAS 69, SAS 99, SAS 109, SAS 115 for internal control practitioners to identify, prioritize, evaluate, and test the controls in place to prevent fraud and other financial statement material errors. Internal audit needs to be candid with external auditors and share information that can benefit external auditors during the financial audit a lot of sensitive valuable information went rogue that could been used to detect operations inventory fraud. References Sarbanes Oxley Section 404 Internal Control Practitioners Statement on Auditing Standards 69 The Meaning of Present Fairly in Conformity With Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Statement on Auditing Standards 99 Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit Statement on Auditing Standards 109 Understanding the Entity and Its Environment and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement Statement on Auditing Standards 115 Communicating Internal Control Related Matters Identified in an Audit

Oceanography Discussion Short Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Oceanography Discussion Short - Essay Example The phyla colonizing the terrestrial environments diversified more due to widely ranging environmental conditions. b) The benthic environment has more species diversity than the pelagic environment (Berger & Shor 304; WÃ ¼rtz 28). This is because the pelagic environment is more homogenous unlike the benthic environment. Benthic habitats are more diverse and the supply of sediment, exposure to waves, light and currents, etc vary over short distances. Moreover, it provides a greater number of choices of habitat, for instance, organisms may live on the sea floor, as epifauna, or in it, as infauna (Berger & Shor 304). Thus, the varying habitat of the benthic environment offers greater opportunities for speciation. Whales possess a number of physiological adaptations that enable them to dive to great depths and stay submerged for very long time periods. This is possible because of a number of factors listed below: Whales and most other marine mammals have streamlined bodies, which reduce drag during swimming, thereby increasing the swimming efficiency apart from reducing oxygen consumption required during diving at greater depths. They have high concentrations of myoglobin when compared to terrestrial animals. Myoglobin binds oxygen in the muscle tissue and higher concentrations of it enable deep sea diving in anoxygenic conditions. (Sverdrup, Duxbury & Duxbury 363) Differences in fin structure: - Cruisers’ fins are designed for high speed while lungers’ fins are designed for increased maneuverability. Cruisers usually have lunate caudal fins while lungers usually have rounded fins. Differences in muscle fiber: - Cruisers mostly have red muscle fiber while lungers have white muscle fiber. Red muscle fiber has high myoglobin concentrations and so, has a higher affinity for oxygen. Therefore, cruisers’ muscles have more endurance and lower fatigue, and are adapted for speed. On the other hand, the white muscle fiber of lungers makes them less enduring because

Organizational Behavior Concepts in any Organization Essay

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CHARITY FUNCTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CHARITY FUNCTIONS - Essay Example This gap between government remedies and social ills has long been a concern of organizational theorists in who examine corporate social responsibility, as well as humanitarians who work towards social change through establishing or donating to charities (Weisbord 2004). Although the general public consensus is that charities make a strong contribution to the social good, growing bodies of theorists and researchers have argued that the only function that charities can ever perform is that of relieving the symptoms without treating the disease (Rydenfelt 1983). In effect, charities merely salve people's conscience while maintaining the status quo. Within the world of finance such charity functions have emerged as firms or individual investors have placed funds into trusts with the intention that their donation is making a significant real world contribution to social progress. This essay explores this equity trust relationship through an examination of the extent that charities can tr uly be understood to make significant real world contributions, and argues that many of the current charitable organizations must structurally rethink their approach to humanitarian aid. When examining the extent that charities contribute to social progress one of the essential considerations is the establishment of a working understanding of the charity concept. In the United States, charities are clearly defined as non-profit organizations (NPO) that have philanthropic interests that directly contribute to the public good (Marion 2004). While the United Kingdom has a similar understanding as the United States, rather than defining the charitable organizations as the non-profit organizational label they are distinguished by the Charities Act. Originally established in 1993 the Charities Act has undergone a number of considerable amendments over the last two decades (Kihn 2012). The Charities Act 1993 was established by the Parliament of the United Kingdom as a means of altering the regulatory framework around which charities act (‘Charities Act, 2006’). The main provisions established in this act are the definition of the requirements to become a charity and the establishment of a Charity Tribunal to hear appeals from decisions of the Charity Commissions. Subsequent changes to this act, with the most recent 2011 act making alterations to the requirements for registering charities (Kihn 2012). These notions are significant as they establish the important elements of the United Kingdom’s charity trust system. Even as there are considerable amounts of charities that fall under the auspices of the United Kingdom’s Charities Act, a number of researchers have criticized these institutions for lack of true understanding of social change. Additionally, there are a number of laws that these charities benefit from. This is significant as it indicates that to a degree they fall under the auspices of government funding. Hudson (2009) indicates that the law grants charitable trusts in the United Kingdom exemption from most taxes, and the trustees have freedom from legal action. Although this research has found no direct link between the tax exemption and charitable inefficiencies, it seems highly possible that this policy has allowed a system to emerge where the government is actually subsidizing ineffectiveness. Each case is specific, yet there has emerged an overarching argument against these institutions. This argument contends that these equity funds simply stave off the immediate problem, yet fail to target the long-term solution. Metaphorically this

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance Essay

Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance - Essay Example There are some factors which effect the elasticity of supply one of which is the ease availability of resources (Boyes et al, 2008). Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED) measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded of Good A with reference to price changes in Good B. Cross Elasticity is used to measure the degree of substitution between the two products i.e., how close the two goods are substitutes to each other. Again, if the Cross Elasticity Demand of Good A and B is elastic or of a greater value, the products would be close substitutes. A small change in the price of Good B would bring about greater changes in the demand for Good A and vice versa (Mushin, 2000). The formula for Calculating XED is: XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B XED= % Change in Quantity Demanded of Good A (Boyes et al, 2008). % Change in Price of Good B = [(1750 – 1500)/1500] * 100 [(?11 - ?10)/10] * 100 =16.6% 10% = 0.6 If Sunsilk and Pantene a re taken into consideration, if the Price of Pantene changes by 10%, the demand for Sunsilk would change by more than 10%. This would give a comparatively higher value of XED and hence it can be deduced that Sunsilk and Pantene are close substitutes (Boyes et al, 2008; Mushin, 2000). Income Elasticity of demand is used to measure the nature of the product. If the demand of a product falls when people ‘s income rise, the product would be called an inferior good. In contrast, if the demand of a product rises with people’s income, the product would be called a normal good and vice versa, if the demand of a product falls when people’s income decrease, the product would be called a superior good (Boyes et al, 2008). The formula to calculate this is as follows: YED... Types of Elasticity of Demand and Its Importance The method of calculation is the same as other elasticity of demand. Only the Price section has to be replaced with changes income, which would be [(New income – the Old income)/Old income] * 100. In order to maximize the revenues, firms must have the knowledge about the Income and Price Elasticity of their product. This is because when would plan to raise or reduce their prices to leverage their revenues, this might not prove to be fruitful it unless it is done strategically. If the demand for a product is price elastic, a rise in price would drive the consumers away as the demand would be more responsive to price changes and the consumers are bound to switch to cheaper substitutes. Secondly, if the prices are decreased and if the demand is price inelastic, the firm’s revenue would fall as there would be little reaction from the consumers. If high prices are set for price elastic goods, and low prices are set for price inelastic goods, the revenues would fall. Therefore firms need to know the products’ price elasticity so that it can accurately price its products in order to maximize its revenues. On the other hand, pricing strategies have to be set in accordance with the product’s Income elasticity of demand. If a rise in mass market’s income leads to a fall in demand, the product would have to be repositioned as a superior good pertaining to the profitability and would have to high priced for revenues to rise.

Task Identification Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task Identification - Essay Example (Embrey, 2000)† Of the several known methods in task identification, the process or steps may include critical incident technique and linear sequencing. In the critical incident technique, the key factor is the gathering of any and all available facts or incidents and analyzing what actually occurred as a result. Based on the analysis and interpretation of the data into information, assessments and inferences are made on how to use the findings to improve on future performance or output. Thus the basic step in critical incident technique can be summarized as: â€Å"Step 1: Gathering facts; Step 2: Content analysis; and Step 3: Creating feedback. (EMMUS, 1999)† In information technology (IT), the critical incident technique (CIT) is one of the methodologies in software and applications development. â€Å"The CIT is an open-ended retrospective method of finding out what are the critical features of the software being evaluated. It is a method for getting a subjective report while minimizing interference from stereotypical reactions or received opinions. A critical incident is defined as one which had an important effect on the final outcome. Critical incidents can only be recognized retrospectively. CIT analysis uses a method known as Content Analysis in order to summarize the experiences of many users or many experiences of the same user. (UsabilityNet, 2006)† When linear sequencing is used in task identification, the method describes putting in lined or straight order a sequence or series of events. It follows at times a hierarchical or incremental level of presentation or reasoning. â€Å"Reasoning about events commonly requires assembling the events into a sequence or order of events such that a temporal pattern of events becomes distinguishable and more understandable. For many reasoning tasks involving events, users

Ethical perspective of a global issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical perspective of a global issue - Essay Example The possibility of human cloning was raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin Institute created the much-celebrated sheep "Dolly" (Lauritzen 57-64). Dolly aroused worldwide interest and concern because of the scientific and ethical implications in creating her. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, also generated uncertainty over the meaning of "cloning" --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (Murray, 41) When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies can be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions. (Murray, 41) The following three types of cloning technologies are the most progressive: (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. ... Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate multiple copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome Project researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. (Walters, 69) Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor health and die early. (Lauritzen 57-64) About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived long enough to generate good data about how clones age. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australia's first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death. (Walters 69) In 2002, researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that the genomes of cloned mice are compromised. In analyzing more than 10,000 liver and placenta cells of cloned mice, they discovered

Marketing analysis and forcasting Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing analysis and forcasting - Coursework Example The data available is of Hughes Travel PLC monthly travel data collected over the span of January 1986 – December 2010. It consists of two variables, namely: number of overseas visitors travelling to the UK and the number of UK residents travelling abroad. The time interval of data collection for both the variables is a month. As both the variable data is independent of each other, hence, we have two univariate time series. The data does not depict a particular trend. Analysis of UK Residents Time Series Figure 1 of appendix A shows the month wise distribution of UK residents travelling abroad. The graph shows that highest number of UK residents travel abroad during the months of August, September, and July. The graph shows that August has had highest number of UK residents travel abroad and it has happened consistently for the past 25 years. Similarly, figure 2 of appendix A shows the cumulative data on UK residents travelling abroad on a yearly basis. The data shows a steady rise in the number of UK residents travelling abroad with the highest being year 2010. Figure 1 in appendix A also depicts that UK residents travel least during the months of December, January, February. ... Figure 4 of the appendix shows that the rate of Overseas UK travels has risen considerably from the previous years and it was the highest in 2010 from the past 25 years whereas the years 2007-2009 saw the lowest travelling statistics. This probably has to do with the recession and the credit crunch during these years. Figure 5 displays the overseas travelling statistics distributed over the 25 years. The graph clearly shows that not once in the period of 25 years, the months of July and August have never seen a decline in the number of overseas travellers as compared to other months. Moreover, the graph also shows that as the years 2007-2009 were an all time low for overseas travellers, the number of travellers declined to their lowest during the July-August of these years as well. Forecasting Methods Several forecasting methods have been developed over the years and each of them have their advantages and accuracy. We have chosen the two most basic and common forecasting models: expo nential smoothing model, and ARIMA Model. Exponential Smoothing – This method is most common forecasting method for different types of time series data. It was developed by Brown and Holt. A basic approach towards time series modelling is to look at each observation as the combination of a constant and an error term. The value of constant would vary with time but is constant in a short interval of time. One way of modelling this is to assign greater weight to the most recent values of the constant as compared to the older observations also termed as moving averages, which is the basis of simple exponential smoothing. Following is the formula of simple exponential

Women empowerment Essay Example for Free

Women empowerment Essay Since the older times, women have been treated as second rate citizens of all across the globe. The situation is almost the same everywhere-irrespective of the developed country or the developing country-caste, community, colour or creed a position which is comparable in many ways, with that of racial minorities. Women have been relegated to secondary position despite the fact that they numerically constitute about half the world population today. This situation has caused immense loss to their self-dignity as human beings and also their independent entities, associated with men, apart from other matter, in context with intellectual and professional capability. In the very beginning of civilization, women enjoyed a respectable position in society-at par with men. They actively participated in social, religious affairs as well as in warfare. The social, religious ceremonies were considered incomplete unless women participated in them. However, it was their physical constitution which acted as hurdles on the way to doing their various different difficult tasks. Gradually, they became dependent on men for food, protection for their other necessities. It was due to the strong built-up of men they risked their lives in course of hunting and food collection. It is really ironical that superiority is not accorded to the fair sex who are responsible for carrying forward lives on this planet but to men who have muscle power with the help of which they can subjugate others. Later, woman became the epitome of procreation, and was very often associated and identified with Earth, which supported lives with all her resources. This thought inspired in men a feeling of respect and regard which was reflected in their worship of women as goddesses. Despite this elevated position that she enjoyed, and are still enjoying in the form of being worshipped as goddesses Durga, Kali, Lakshami, Saraswati, etc. However, a woman is fated to be subjected, owned, and exploited like the very nature, whose magical fertility she embodies. During the course of social development, the position of women also changed. When society was formed, patriarchy was establ ished. Gradually, males became dominant in society. They were to write the codes for all times and obviously women were given a subordinate position. A prominent feature of hegemonic ideologies is the projection of the dominant viewpoint as universally true. Patriarchy, as an ideological assumption, works on the same principle. And, yet, even in ages of strict dominance by males, society has thrown up women of calibre,  who could match, even surpass, the skills of men. They made great progress in various fields of life and gained significant achievements as teachers, doctors, engineers, scientists, explorers, soldiers and pilots. This achievement is really plausible because they have been achieved in a highly adverse situation and at the cost of severe social criticism, indeed even ostracism. The need for women’s empowerment arises from the subordinate position they have been accorded for a long time. The empowerment has been felt as a tool to bring about changes in their socio-economic condition. It has been felt on the part of nation as well as individual that no society can progress till women, a major constituent of society, lag behind. Empowerment of women needs to begin with her participation in different spheres of life. Education is a great determinant in this regard. To achieve empowerment women have to be educated to be aware of their rights and privileges in a modern society. It is education which can bring about awareness in them related to their social status, injustice and differentiation meted out to them. Besides, economic independence is a major factor which can contribute in empowering women. India in the very beginning realised this need. The architect of Indian Constitution was of the opinion that unless and until women are empowered, nothing was going to bring about any change in their destiny. At that time, the women, in the name of sansakaras were tied up with the bondage of superstitions, which they had to carry till the last breath of their lives. They were considered just a matter of joy and a source of amusement. She was, according the Hindu Shashtra, the bonded slave of her father when she was young, to her husband when she was middle-aged and to her son when a mother. Of course, all the epigrams, aphorisms, proverbs, platitudes and truism have been naked truth about the stature of women in India. It does not mean that efforts have not been made to bring dignity in the life of women. There has been a long tradition of social reforms by our saints and social reformers which include: Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and Jyotiba Phule, to name a few, who tried their best to bring changes in the life of women. Their efforts, however, bore fruit to some extent, but did not make too much difference to the lots of the masses. In this direction, Dr. Ambedkar tried to break down the barriers in the way of advancement of women in India. He laid down the foundation of concrete and  sincere efforts by codifying the Common Civil Code for the Hindus and the principle is capable of extension to other sections of the Indian society. Besides, he also made provision in the Constitution to ensure a dignified social status to women. He, by codifying Hindu Law in respect of marriage, divorce and succession rationalised and restored the dignity of women. In addition to this, the Sharda Act is also worth mentioning. It has set the seal of authority upon the piece of social reforms, which the heads of orthodoxy were imposing and impending. The Hindu Code Bill, which covers issues such as right to property, order of succession to property, maintenance, marriage, divorce, adoption, minority and guardianship, constitutes part of social engineering via law. Needless to say, it was a revolutionary measure. It was really a first step towards the recognition and empowerment of women in India. This gives a woman right to property, which undoubtedly strengthens her social position. Despite all these political measures, women’s empowerment remains a distant dream in India. In fact, political empowerment is a key to develop ment in this society. It is a must for an all- around development of women. It is the need of the hour to ensure her participation in the decision-making at home, in community and at the national level. It is for the fulfillment of this need that the Women’s Reservation Bill was introduced in the Parliament by the BJP Government. But since then, ruling parties changed in power but the Bill could not see the light of the day. The political parties do not seem to be honest in their perspectives. But before political empowerment, we must concentrate on imparting social education because without academic and social education, the political empowerment has failed to bring desired result as we have seen in case of 33 per cent reservation in local bodies ensured by the historic 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments. The uneducated women are quite unaware of their rights and privileges and are therefore subject to exploitation at the hands of government machinery, as well by family members. Therefore, our efforts should be directed towards the all- around development of each and every section of Indian women, not confining the benefit to a particular section of women in society, by giving them their due share. It is a must to protect their chastity, modesty and dignity and ensure their dignified position in society. Without removing social stigma, enduring progress and development could not be achieved. For this, the governmental and non-governmental organisations including media should come forward and play an active role in creating awareness in society. The task is not too difficult to achieve. The honesty and sincerity on the part of those involved is a must. If the lots of women change, definitely it will have a positive impact on society. Hence, the women’s empowerment is the need of the hour.

Nike with apple Essay Example for Free

Nike with apple Essay To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete* in the world. *If you have a body, you are an athlete. Guiding principles (11 Maxims) They guide employees at all levels as they complete their work at Nike and represent the Nike corporation globally. †¢It is our nature to innovate. †¢Nike is a company. †¢Nike is a brand. †¢Simplify and go. †¢The consumer decides. †¢Be a sponge. †¢Evolve immediately. †¢Do the right thing. †¢Master the fundamentals. †¢We are on the offense – always. †¢Remember the man. The late Bill Bowerman, Nike co-founder) Manager Manifesto -It is a set of Core Principles that describe how Nike managers lead with excellence * Lead * Coach * Drive * Inspire Objectives: * Protect and improve Nike’s position as the number one athletic brand in America. * Build a strong momentum in growing fitness market. * Intensify the company’s effort to develop products that women need and want. Explore the market for products specifically designed for the requirements of maturing Americans. Direct and manage the company’s international business as it continues to develop. * Continue the drive for increased margins through proper inventory management and fewer better products. Competencies: Innovations: 1. Design your own shoes: Customers can choose their own colors and mascots to create shoes which define their personality 2. Nike self lacing automatic shoes: The automatic lacing system provides a set of straps that can be automatically opened and closed to switch between a loosened and tightened position. 3. Nike with apple: The NIKE+ package consists of a pair of specially designed NIKE+ running shoes, an ipod nano, and a NIKE+ ipod sport kit. As a person runs, ipod tells the distance, pace, and calories burned via voice feedback that adjusts music volume as it plays. Goal: World’s leading sports products and equipment provider. Business strategies: Encompasses the business’s overall positioning in the sports industry and stay competitive due to the product differentiation and globalization. Competitive Advantage: Brand Name, Product Quality, Inventory turnover, Cost leadership, Effective in-store operations.

Analysing the business of Merck and Davanrik

Analysing the business of Merck and Davanrik The recommendation is that, Merck should license the new drug Davanrik. The company is facing serious situation that most of their drug patents are going to expire soon. For maintaining companys value and profit, it is vital to invest into new drug development. In the other part of the report, a preamble of Merck and Davanrik, decision support data and the answers of important questions are provided in detail. Merck The Company is discovering new innovative products and developing new indications for existing products the result of its continuing commitment to research (Annual Report, 2000). Several products face expiration of product patents in the near term. U.S. product patents expired in 2000 for Vasotec and Pepcid and will expire in 2001 for Prilosec, which is supplied exclusively to AZLP, Prinivil and Prinzide, for which co-marketing rights have been licensed to a third party, Mevacor and Vaseretic. In the aggregate, domestic sales of these products represented 19% of Merck human health sales for 2000 (Annual Report, 2000). The patent expiration can cause deeper drop in overall sales. (Mercks Consolidate Balance Sheet: See Appendix A) Davanrik Davanrik originally developed by Lab Pharmaceutical Company to treat depression. Lab Pharmaceutical offered Merck to license her new developing drug. Lab Pharmaceutical is only 15 years old company. FDA has recently denied to approval one of their drug which completed all three phases. In response to this decision, Lab lost 30% of her overall sales. As a result, LAB was hesitant to issue additional equity to finance the testing of Davanrik and was seeking a larger pharmaceutical company to license the drug and provided the following facilities: Needed Cash Fund for clinical testing Manufacturing and Marketing Royalty on the eventual sales of Davanrik Decision Support Data Merck The patent of Mercks most popular drug is going to expire by 2002 Expiration of Patent can cause a deeper drop in overall sales. Merck needs new drug development to maintain its values and refresh portfolio. The company sales reflect continuous growth in earnings. The success of Davanrik would keep Merck Company in the black for the following seven years, while the failure of Davanrik would ultimately force Merck Company to quickly develop other profit producing drugs. Davanrik and Merck Davanrik is drug compound for treatment of depression and neurological disorders. Its need 7 years or more to approve form FDA in three phases. Phase I would take 2 years. It was expected to cost $30 million, including an initial $5 million fee to Lab for licensing the drug. There was 60% chance that Davanrik would successfully complete Phase I Phase II would take 2 years. It was expected to cost $40 million, including $2.5 million fee to Lab. Phase III trial would cost $200 million including a $20 million payment to lab. Merck Co. should analyze the following different types of factors to make a decision to license Davanrik: Expected revenue Expect royalty fees to lab License fees for each phase Success probability at each phase Marketing cost Merck responsibility at each phase Phase I Testing would cost $30 million including $5 million to lab Total duration of phase 2 years Probability of Success 60% Phase II Testing would cost $40 million including $2.5 million to lab Total duration 2 years Probability of success for depression only 10%, for weight loss 15% and for both 5% Phase III Cost and success probability are depend on the result of phase II Testing would cost for depression only $200 million including $20 million to Lab and probability is 85% Testing would cost for weight loss only $150 million including $10 million to Lab and probability is 75% Testing would cost for both (Depression and Weight loss) $500 million including $40 million to Lab and probability is 70% Depression only cost $250 million to launch with a PV of $1.2 billion Weight loss only cost $100 million to launch with a PV of $345 million Both depression and weight loss would cost $400 million to launch with a PV of $2.25 billion Overall Failure Risk Questions and Answers Should Merck bid to license Davanrik? How much should they pay?   There is an extreme risk of failure in taking Davanrik. However, pharmaceutical drug producing industry does have to be risk seeking, because no any drug can get an approval. It is recommended that Merck Co. should accept Lab pharmaceutical offer for Davanrik. The expected value of Davanrik is around $14 millions. What is the expected value of the licensing arrangement to LAB? Assume a 5% royalty fee on any cash flows that Merck receives from Davanrik after a successful launch.   LAB would also receive a 5% royalty fee on any from future sales of Davanrik separate from the milestone payments and regardless of the costs associated with getting the drug to market. Expected value of the licensing arrangement to Lab: Phase I (100% chance of success): $5 million Phase II (60%): 2.5 million Phase III depression (10%): $20 million Phase III weight loss (15%): $10 million Phase III both (5%): $40 million Depression Success (85%): $1.2 billion * 0.05 Weight Loss Success (75%): $345 million * 0.05 Depression Success [Lower path] (15%): $1.2 billion * 0.05 Weight Loss Success [Lower path] (5%): $345 million * 0.05 Both Success (70%): $2.25 million * 0.05 How would your analysis change if the costs of launching Davanrik for weight loss were $225 million instead of $100 million as given in the case?   Analysis is depending on the success probabilities and failure risks. At phase III, there is only 5% chance of success on weight loss. BY using decision tools the values will be calculating again. What other issues should Merck consider in taking this decision?   Merck Co. should consider the cost of marketing, administration and overall sensitivity of each testing phase. The royalty, cost and overall failure risk is also vital factors to be considered for the decision. Merck should also consider that their drugs patents are going to expire and their many other drugs are not approved by the FDA. How has Merck been able to achieve substantial returns on capital given the large costs and lengthy time to develop a drug?   Merck Co. is a big and economically stable company which can afford large costs and lengthy time to develop a drug. In other hand Lab pharmaceutical is a small company which is not very flexible to handle such type of task. Research and Development is the strength of Merck. Once the drug approve, Merck can produce it for long time period. Appendix A Source: Mercks Annual Report 2000 Appendix B Source: Unknown

Tuberculosis :: essays research papers

Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a germ (bacterium) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This germ primarily affects the lungs and may infect anyone at any age. In the United States, the number of TB cases steadily decreased until 1986 when an increase was noted; TB has continued to rise since. Today, ten million individuals are infected in the U.S., as evidenced by positive skin tests, with approximately 26,000 new cases of active disease each year. The increase in TB cases is related to HIV/AIDS, homelessness, drug abuse and immigration of persons with active infections. How is TB Contracted? TB is a contagious or infectious disease that is spread from person-to- person. A person is usually infected by inhaling the germs which have been sprayed into the air by someone with the active disease who coughs. However, inhaling the germ does not usually mean you will develop active disease. A person's natural body defenses are usually able to control the infection so that it does not cause disease. In this case, the person would be infected, but not have active disease. Only about 10% of those infected will actually develop TB in their lifetimes. Active disease can occur in an infected person when the body's resistance is low or if there is a large or prolonged exposure to the germs that overcome the body's natural defenses. The body's response to active TB infection produces inflammation which can eventually damage the lungs. The amount of damage may be quite extensive, yet the symptoms may be minimal. The usual symptoms of disease due to TB are: -Fever -Night sweats -Cough -Loss of appetite -Weight Loss -Blood in the sputum (phlegm) -Loss of energy Diagnosing TB To diagnose TB, your clinician will gather five important pieces of information: -Symptoms -History of possible exposure and onset of symptoms -Tuberculin skin test or PPD -Chest X-ray †¢Sputum test Tuberculin Skin Test The tuberculin skin test (or PPD) is performed with an extract of killed tuberculosis germs that is injected into the skin. If a person has been infected with tuberculosis, a lump will form at the site of the injection--this is a positive test. This generally means that TB germs have infected the body. It does not usually mean the person has active disease. People with positive skin tests but without active disease cannot transmit the infection to others. Chest X-Ray If a person has been infected with TB, but active disease has not developed, the chest X-ray usually will be normal. Most people with a positive PPD have normal chest X-rays and continue to be healthy. For such persons, preventive drug therapy may be recommended. Tuberculosis :: essays research papers Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a germ (bacterium) called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This germ primarily affects the lungs and may infect anyone at any age. In the United States, the number of TB cases steadily decreased until 1986 when an increase was noted; TB has continued to rise since. Today, ten million individuals are infected in the U.S., as evidenced by positive skin tests, with approximately 26,000 new cases of active disease each year. The increase in TB cases is related to HIV/AIDS, homelessness, drug abuse and immigration of persons with active infections. How is TB Contracted? TB is a contagious or infectious disease that is spread from person-to- person. A person is usually infected by inhaling the germs which have been sprayed into the air by someone with the active disease who coughs. However, inhaling the germ does not usually mean you will develop active disease. A person's natural body defenses are usually able to control the infection so that it does not cause disease. In this case, the person would be infected, but not have active disease. Only about 10% of those infected will actually develop TB in their lifetimes. Active disease can occur in an infected person when the body's resistance is low or if there is a large or prolonged exposure to the germs that overcome the body's natural defenses. The body's response to active TB infection produces inflammation which can eventually damage the lungs. The amount of damage may be quite extensive, yet the symptoms may be minimal. The usual symptoms of disease due to TB are: -Fever -Night sweats -Cough -Loss of appetite -Weight Loss -Blood in the sputum (phlegm) -Loss of energy Diagnosing TB To diagnose TB, your clinician will gather five important pieces of information: -Symptoms -History of possible exposure and onset of symptoms -Tuberculin skin test or PPD -Chest X-ray †¢Sputum test Tuberculin Skin Test The tuberculin skin test (or PPD) is performed with an extract of killed tuberculosis germs that is injected into the skin. If a person has been infected with tuberculosis, a lump will form at the site of the injection--this is a positive test. This generally means that TB germs have infected the body. It does not usually mean the person has active disease. People with positive skin tests but without active disease cannot transmit the infection to others. Chest X-Ray If a person has been infected with TB, but active disease has not developed, the chest X-ray usually will be normal. Most people with a positive PPD have normal chest X-rays and continue to be healthy. For such persons, preventive drug therapy may be recommended.

Solutions to the Foreclosure Crisis in Cleveland Essay -- Economics

Cleveland, Ohio faces a vacant property crisis. Steady abandonment of vacant properties, both residential and commercial, has diminished stability, property values, and public safety in the city of Cleveland and its neighboring suburbs. This multi-faceted problem of mortgage loan delinquency and bank walk-aways in Cleveland has generated an extensive legal discussion concerning pressing public policy matters. The foreclosure crisis in Cleveland has imposed significant financial burdens upon taxpayers and area residents who have been forced to shoulder burdens that are rightfully the responsibility of borrowers, mortgage lenders and others that are direct parties to the mortgage transaction. Indeed, â€Å"the failure of borrowers and lenders to pay the full social costs of nonprime lending also leads to perverse market effects, as less-than-scrupulous lending organizations overextend credit to highly foreclosure-prone borrowers.† Economic conditions and predatory lending in Cleveland have hindered the city from being able to effectively respond to the crisis. However, Cleveland has been successful in its property acquisition tools for revitalization, namely its city land bank. The use of the city land bank has been a key element in the successful efforts of community development corporations (CDCs), but as economic conditions and challenges have plagued the Cleveland housing market, this tool is no longer as effective in generating a sufficient pipeline of properties for redevelopment. Recognizing that reinvigorating the city’s land bank was a key measure to pursue in light of economic changes, the Cleveland Housing Renewal Project (CHRP), a non-profit organization subsidiary of Neighborhood Progress Incorporated (NPI), filed an ac... ..., and if and when foreclosure does occur, the banks, not the municipalities, should be held accountable for property-code violations on those homes. To promote economic development and to assist low-income communities in the midst of this housing crisis, laws must be strengthened to make it harder for banks to flip homes to out-of-state LLCs like Interstate Investment. In terms of litigation, housing courts should consider the order by Judge Pianka when deciding who should bear the burden of paying foreclosed and distressed residential properties. Cleveland is a location where real estate development is needed to overcome the crisis of foreclosure. The remedies will not be quick, but holding lenders accountable for their properties and developing legislation to discourage conveyances to foreign LLCs are some important ways to turn abandonment into opportunity.

Automation in the Field of Law :: Technology Research Papers

Automation in the Field of Law Missing Works Cited The question of what should be automated in our world is one that deserves serious contemplation. In a time when technology seems to race past our population at an incredible rate, the thought of our whole world being automated is not a radical concept. It has been predicted that in the near future, every aspect of our society will contain some sort of automation. But what is automation exactly? A Webster’s Dictionary for college students defines automation as â€Å"the handling and fabrication of materials by automatic machinery, especially when no part of the process is done by hand.†1 The same source gives the definition of automatic as â€Å"operated by self-acting machinery.†2 My idea of automation is a machine taking over a job that a human used to perform in such a way that the machine acts on its own to accomplish the task. Webster seems to aim at automation under the terms of machinery; but in our world today, most of the automation we are conc erned with involves computers. Computers are said to be a billion times faster than human beings and are known for their capability to hold more information than humans ever could. So in a world where automation is beginning to gain more and more ground on a daily basis, most aspects of our society have seen its effects. This is especially true for the field of law. There is an important need in this field to remain organized in order for it to be successful. This task requires that billions of laws be filed in an efficient way so they can be accessed on a daily basis by lawyers and judges in order to formulate case arguments and decisions. Now that computers are an essential part of our business world, it seems obvious that some type of automation such as a software program should be introduced into the field of law to help remain organized. But beyond the simple computer program, what about the thought that the whole system itself could be automated? Believe it or not, this thought is already being discussed, and systems are already being designed for that purpose. In the following paper, I will talk about three different types of automation currently used or proposed for use in the legal system.

The Possible Outcomes of Globalization

Human beings have always been dirty, corrupt, deceitful and horrible. But humans also have some redeeming factors that account for our current state of relative peace, our ability to innovate, the ability for great kindness and to care for other living things. All because each individual person is as different as the last with their own unique experiences and morals and standards that accumulate to our own incredibly different personalities and attitudes. Yet there are those who believe that striping us of the things that makes us†¦ s will be a great improvement on society even when the evidence points elsewhere. There is a very clear disagreement in our society about what we should do and what the benefits of globalization are. ‘Black’ and ‘White’ sides to a very grey issue. Usually people on the right will say that globalization is a good thing, giving you this; Claims increase in diversity and creativity, trade becomes easier and cheaper, goods becom e more accessible and cheaper, and that everyone will be materially richer. Countries are becoming more alike in the sense of offering some more commonly diverse choices. †-Tyler Cowen(supporter of Globalization) The other side to this are people that are decidedly on the left and they will say things like; Homogenization of culture, loss of creativity, total loss of some cultures, people will become easier to control through advertisements, society becomes about working and keeping ‘afloat’ and not living an actual life, creates violence within people try to protect their culture. †Fast food†¦ ecomes a fueling up ritual†¦ but if it social or family values is what you about†¦ then its a disaster. †-Benjamin Barber (advocate against globalization). Although I say most conservatives and most liberals is because some conservatives don’t see it for what is and buy into what the businessman would say and that all cultures would get a b it of every other culture and are fearful of the blending of culture and are against it. Some liberals think that bringing money to the third world countries, and many more reasons.This is not to say that the political spectrum doesn’t play a role but rather a major one, as most people on the right see it for what it is and support it because globalization creates wealth for the multinational corporations and destroys the native peoples culture and making them more focused on work and it becomes a win-win situation. Liberals are fearful of the corporation as once the people are on the bandwagon it’s very easy to keep them on it and the power of the people of those nations falls to the businesses.Another reason for concern on the part of all citizens regardless of political ideologies is the outsourcing of jobs, which we are already seeing the effects of as unemployment â€Å"unemployment rate moving to 9. 5% in the U. S. , the highest level since 1983. The same thing happened around the globe; the unemployment rate surged to record high values. †-London Forex Broadsheet. My opinion is that there are large winnings and some very hard losses to be had.On one side it boosts the local economy and overall wealth of the certain poorer country, and poverty by any measure is a horrible thing to live in. Unfortunately it destroys the culture that has survived for possibly thousands of years â€Å"Just over 38% of global cultures are in danger of extinction or are already extinct†-UNESCO and we lose some of the history that makes the world the way it is, also globalization can destroy the local environment and cause serious physical injury and sickness. †About one half of the forests that covered the Earth are gone.Each year, another 16 million hectares disappear. †-globalchange. umich. edu And the only reason they live in poverty is not because they're useless and lazy but because of the current global economic system we use. So overall I believe that the losses outweigh the possible gains. The driving forces behind globalization is the corporations they first lobby the government to build an airport saying it will bring more tourists and money. afterwards they move in and set up factories (depending on the ethics or pressure put on them by the public) or sweatshops.So the increased tourism brings foreign ideas and technology like: democracy, freedom, wealth, internet, computers, TV’s, etc. After they make some money in a dangerous mine or a low paying factory they buy a TV/Computer and they see what we have and they want it, they see our big houses and big cars and they will save up and buy one. when they do that they adopt our north american culture and they stop going to church because they can get more money working weekends, they dress like we do and act like we do.They want to be like us so they tell their parents that their culture is dumb and look how this new culture brought us out of povert y, and how we don’t have to pick through garbage anymore. Once people think like this and act like this it causes other people to join them, thinking â€Å"Well he has a car a house and nice clothes, why can’t I have that? † So as more people drop their culture and uniqueness the faster it speeds up. The possibilities of an outcome of this en masse shift towards a North American lifestyle are endless, but what is almost certain is the fact that 99. % of the time this will end badly and not just for the humans that live here but the entire planet. So I will propose 3 scenarios that generally cover the possible outcomes at this point in time. Scenario 1) As more and more people get cars, computers, and use more electricity the CO2 emissions increase exponentially and we get to a tipping point in the atmosphere and a cascade/domino effect happens. Methane from the bottom of the ocean is released into the atmosphere and the Earth heats up even more.Then the Amazon b urns heating it even more, etc. etc. and the world fries and after 100000 years the Earth is plunged into an ice age. By the way almost everyone died. Scenario 2) As more and more jobs are outsourced to cheaper labour the North American way of life collapses because there’s no jobs and with no money you can’t buy anything. Then the whole global economic market crashes and burns. World is plunged into WWIII for the remaining resources, nuclear bombs are launched, whole countries become uninhabitable.Billions die. Scenario 3) In a global effort we switch over to renewable resources and solve the global energy crisis and with that we are able to stabilize the economy and regain peace. It is then possible to help and provide electricity to developing countries. There are many proposed solutions to the crisis we are dealing with but just as with many other problems many of the ‘solutions’ prove to be ineffective or even more harmful. So what will it take to hav e a solution that will save us?Unfortunately its too late to have a gradual change that would allow for people to adapt comfortably to the new lifestyle that i am about to propose. We will have to do this quickly and without hesitation because the longer we wait the more painful this will be. In scenario 3 of the last paragraph is what we will have to do as currently many of the wars being fought around the world are about or were started by the need of the black gold, oil, and n order to restore peace we need to switch over to a more renewable way of life especially here in North America. Not only will this reduce the incentive to kill each other over something that will become increasingly obsolete but it will also help calm the people who are angry at the way we live here because of our wastefulness. Also legislation by the government will have to be passed in order to make it harder for corporations to treat people poorly and pay them less, also make them create jobs in their ho me (eg; US, Canada, UK, etc. ) countries.Increased tourism from more money and cheaper bills will help reinforce the local cultures as people usually travel to see the culture. Advertisements will have to be localized and not forcing the American way of life down peoples throats. I believe that this will, if not completely solve this issue, help out greatly. Unfortunately people can’t see what is happening around them and then when they finally realize what has happened its too late, and that is the problem, why we can’t solve this crisis and why we can’t solve many other difficult issues that exist.The fact is that until something catastrophic happens no one will do anything about it, history shows this and as the saying goes History always repeats itself. Globalization will continue to be a problem for a very long time and when the mass population sees what has happened it will be too late. all we can do is support groups in foreign countries that try to susta in the culture and language of their ancestors.

Inventory Management System Proposal

The goal all(prenominal)where the exertion statement of the next three months is to implement a newfound broth Process that pull up s defecates allow Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. to hit and deliver electric automobile fans in a more high-octane and precise manner. The implementation of radio receiver frequence Identification (RFID), breed- track outline im element rain buckets line throughput, development ingatheringivity, and constrict production be. In the on-line(prenominal) outdated engross sue, m both problem atomic number 18as in the accumulation line affect can occur, frequently(prenominal) as bottlenecks, mistakes, and inaccurate counts.The proposed form allow for address problem argonas by introducing a just-in- clipping production dodging to correct requite on investment. Tracking register in real- age as it moves through the make out fibril routine depart verify edit outd all overhead of new poppycock and made-to-stock product.The use of RFID technology allow eternise guest establishs, cargo ships of product, and tracking throughput in real-time. With the proposed RFID constitutions and wireless parcel package, trade union movement lives reducing, and sour efficiencies are the resoluteness. Area supervisors go out r distributively the luck to sharpen on problems of greater importance.With the new ferment, production levels provide increase and repulse costs exitinging decrease, drastically reducing the deal of redundant tracking of material and customer products. Implementing an RFID schema exit in any case facilitate compress manufacturing mistakes by closely tracking all move petitiond for product assembly. With measurable victory and melioratement rates, the use of the new Inventory System Process impart help in Riordans future growth. give thanks you for your consideration for this proposal. Please feel absolve to contact if there are any questions.Successful companie s sway inscription, labor party, and other operational costs by closely tracking them. ruin to manage those items competently can cost telephone circuites their bottom line with loss of profit, and ultimately, the insecurity going out of business. Inventory equates to specie and although it is not as liquid, there is legato a cash value associated with each(prenominal) product in register (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). Riordan Manufacturing is in desperate need of updating their armoury scheme.Initially, when Riordan Manufacturing went into business, this performance was efficient only because they were producing on a smaller scale. As a fortune 1000 company, trying to entertain business growth, Riordan Manufacturing needs to incorporate modern technologies for their stocktaking gibe processes.The inventory process Riordan uses, require umpteen redundant activities needful for tracking, throughout their supply chain. MRP Material resourcefulness Planning, al so known as MRP, software positively can affect a business that relies on efficiencies in manufacturing.MRP helps enterprises control and streamline processes synonymous with order fulfillment. MRP software program is tendencyed to analyze production demands from current sales orders, short and long barrier sales forecasts, and then procures the exact entropy for what is necessary to manufacture each order (Business Software, 2010, p. 1).MRP is a trunk that Learning group up D is proposing Riordan Manufacturing implements to modify productivity and efficiency. The MRP corpse provide help to support the new inventory musical arrangement of development Radio Frequency Identifiers, also known as RFID.The RFID tracking administration exit salmagundi the process of entering data tie in to inventory. The MRP formation will use the RFID system to track the inventory through the process from raw materials received, to molded, assembled, and shipment of the delivered prod uct. In addition, the MRP system will use data from the sales department to calculate how much time required for producing the customers order. As part of the software, data is stored about lurch timelines for both how long it will take to receive raw materials and how long it will take to ship product to the customer.In addition, the system will calculate the materials needed for product assembly, and the timeframes to complete that assembly. By completing these calculations inwardly the MRP system, manufacturing process optimization, limiting inventory on-hand and increase the inventory turnover time. Process visualise Creating a new process design will allow Riordan to constrain more efficient, reducing the inventory on hand. The process design will have a direct and immediate effect on the customer (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006).One main metric that will identify the process is time because it calculates the work-in-process separate by the throughput rate. As a service provider of product, Riordan wants customers to have shorter wait times, and to reduce the organizations investment cost by turning inventory over as quickly as possible. Riordan will fine-tune the inventory process by performing task at a parallel process. Most tasks can give out in sequence that will reduce the waiting time and improve production. other change would be the order of the task in the inventory process.This will go along the back and forth transportation from machines, locations, and departments. In addition, fewer interruptions in the process will prepare purchase orders faster to distract adding extra geezerhood to keeping inventory longer than needed. In these changes, the assembly line will increase productivity and reduce inventory cost.Applying the guide production process will achieve high saturation production development minimal inventories of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished good (Chase, Jacobs, & Aquilano, 2006). The use of RFID will p lay a significant social function for optimizing Riordans inventory solicitude system.The process will work efficiently when demands are at a high quality and builds stronger relationship with the vendors to create the demand for the product. Generally, Riordan will have these tools along with implementing the MRP system to manage inventory flow process. This will create the process of identifying any bottlenecks through the inventory, packaging, labeling, and shipping process. In addition to the MRP system, Riordan will also include the RFID examine system to improve the technology aspect of the business. Supply ChainRiordan will get ahead greatly by implementing an RFID scanning system. Converting the inventory system to implement newer technologies will increase process throughput. Transition to the RFID system will improve Riordans opportunity to compete in the global market.Tracking inventory on paper is not efficient, peculiarly when information gathered needs updated in China by close of business each day. The use of RFID through the Internet, improves Riordans opportunity for growth, keeping track of every item in inventory. With an RFID system, real-time trending and prevision will be possible.Computer software use in conjunction with hardware devices varan the use of inventory more accurately by continually scanning and uploading data. With the use of RFID, Riordan will reduce loss of inventory or wasted product by setting control limits.Ultimately, reducing labor costs and increasing profits. In near industries, labor is the one of their biggest expense. The inventory work casts could have a significant reduction of labor hours and even eliminate the position entirely with an electronic process. The amount of time spent tracking inventory goes from transactions to mere seconds because of RFID technology.As Riordan continues to grow, it is important to established centralised warehouses in key locations. The inventory software will help Riordan executives forecast how much inventory one particular warehouse could handle, more effectively than the current method utilise. Inventory management is the key focus for process improvement.This new inventory management system will reduce labor cost by streamlining data entry, therefore, speeding transaction time, and ultimately, reduce the amount of inventory on-hand. Packaging, labeling, and shipping will involve incorporating a new inventory management process.Combining take hold computers, RFID readers, software, and a wireless infrastructure gives supervisors the strength to monitor inventory and track each activity within the manufacturing process. By connecting a wireless infrastructure, the application will assure in real-time.Supply chain design will enable Riordan to reduce stock on-hand and improve inventory throughput. Maintaining par levels through predict from the materials used, average inventory stock is rendered. carry and supply uncertainties assoc iated with custom products will require a supply chain strategy that incorporates an agile supply chain.Supply chains using strategies aimed at responsiveness, and flexible, overcome the risks of supply shortages by pooling inventory and other capacity resources. As previously mentioned, the current steps for treat raw materials is labor intensive and in many ways, work against the companys long-range strategy.The use of an RFID tracking system will allow more accurate and real-time information to be quickly available. Forecast Forecasting the costs and bear benefits is critical to determining if the project is honorable of investment by a company. This forecast, effected for the implementation of both an RFID and MRP system.There are a number of lucre costs for this eccentric of project, including a project manager salary for one month ($3,333), an install technician for 2 months ($6,600). A trainer for 20 days ($1,640), salaries for 10 technical support agents to be traine d over 10 days ($11,000), and salaries for 100 staff agents trained over 10 days.However, the largest cost for this project will be the technology itself. To install an RFID system the following will need buy active tags at the price of $10 each for 100 in total, pentad $500 readers, and the middleware that coasts $100,000. The MRP software will trifle the biggest price of $300,000.The total costs of implementing the project will be $536,139. Obviously, these costs are only beneficial to the company if they puzzle out about a positive change to the companys income. The implementation of the MRP and RFID system allow the elimination of the inventory clerk position, saving the company $45,000 annually.In addition, supervisors will be more effective as the labor intensive reports are eliminated, saving the supervisors 40 hours a month and the company $959 a month. The manufacturing team will also benefit from the elimination of these labor-intensive reports. Its estimated that the manufacturing team will save $574 a month. In addition, because of the expected efficiencies with managing inventory Learning aggroup D predicts that one facility, currently used to house supplies, is no longer needed saving the company $8,000 monthly, in leases.According to a survey of more than 600 companies, Riordan can expect a number of increased efficiencies. peradventure the most telling increase to surgery is that delivery times will be reduced from 71 days to 59 days on average (Schroeder, Anderson, Tupy, &White, 2012, p. 1). This operator that Riordan will be able to improve order processing by 17%.With profits already at $1,956,371 (Apollo free radical Inc.) annually, a 17% increase would result in an additional $163,031 monthly in profits. Keeping all of this information in mind Riordan would see a chase away on their investment in close to 13 months.ConclusionThe new tracking system will help in backing the principles in strategic capacity readying by allowing Riordan to decrease the waste of resources, such as ordering too many raw materials, using facilities as storage, and using labor hours for data entry. Improving Riordans inventory control process will produce a more efficient supply chain management, translating into increased customer satisfaction.Both strategic capacity planning and lean production play an integral part in the improved inventory system at Riordan. The strengths for Riordans new process will increase productivity, and enhance the products flavor cycle. Building a better strategy will open the door for come on growth opportunities.It will take a team to develop the strengths and opportunities of the new inventory management process. Measures of changing the supply chain design by adding the new RFID to Riordans inventory system will become the reason for Riordan becoming the leader in the electric fan industry. (Note see appendix A for Gant chart)

Social Class and Inequality

Social Class and Inequality Social inequality has been defined as a conflicting status within a society with regards to the individual, property rights, and access to education, medical care, and welfare programs. Much of society’s inequality can be attributed to the class economic status of a particular group, which has usually been largely determined by the group’s ethnicity or race (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The conflict perspective is an attempt to understand the group conflict that occurs by the protection of one’s status at the expense of the other.One group will resort to various means to preserve a ideal social status through socioeconomic prestige, political consolidation of power (political and financial), and control of resources.Unemployment rate is a financial index for virtually any nation.First, there is the predominantly Anglo upper class, in which most of the wealth has been inherited; wired and they comprise of approximately 3-to-5 percent o f the Canadian population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Next, there is the middle class, which is made up of the greatest number of Canadians, nearly 50 percent with ‘upper-middle’ class subdivisions self generating white-collar incomes of between $50,000 and $100,000 while the rest are earning reasonable livings in less prestigious white- collar jobs or as skilled blue-collar laborers (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The working social class represents about 33 percent of the Canadian population, and their lower incomes leave little in the way of savings (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Finally, there is the lower class, which is represented by about 20 percent of the population (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).Class inequalities do not seem to be extending.

For example, in Canada, physicians and lawyers continue to reside at the top of the social ladder while newspaper delivery persons or hospitality staff rank at the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). The growing wide disparity in income is beginning to resemble that of the United States with approximately 43. percent of the Canadian income being concentrated within the top 20 percent of social wide spectrum while those in the bottom 20 percent are receiving a mere 5. 2 percent of that income (Macionis & Gerber, 2006).It, however, may expand further.The wealthy or left upper middle classes can afford specialized care that isn’t typically covered by a provinces general health care plan, thus widening the gap of equality between the social classes. Within the boundary of the Canadian border we can see the separation between ethnicity, and wealth which determines class.Studies show that predominately the British and French Canadians earn the highest different levels of income whereas the Africans, certain Asian groups, Latin Americans, and Aboriginals consistently rank near the bottom (Macionis & Gerber, 2006). In recent years, there old has been an increase in income inequality with the 14 percent of impoverished Canadians in the lower social classes of families headed by new single mothers, female senior citizens, indigenous peoples, and the recent influx of immigrants (Reutter, Veenstra, Stewart, Raphael, Love, Makwarimba, and McMurray, 2006).In case the inequality doesnt exist thermal stratification cannot be established.

According to Hier & Walby (2006), Porter presented the argument that â€Å"an ‘entrance status’ is assigned to less preferred immigrant groups (particularly southern and eastern Europeans†¦ that restricts collective gains in education, income, and membership among Canadas elite† (p. 83). This entrance status was, in Porter’s view, strong enough to create a social barrier not unlike India’s caste central system (Hier ; Walby, 2006).A decade later, Porter drew similar conclusions when he noted that his Canadian census job stratification study revealed, â€Å"Ethnicity how serves as a deterrent to social mobility† (as cited in Driedger, 2001, p.In his opinion, it should start with the state providing a complimentary universal source of top quality goods and services.They would have automatic access to society, while other groups would have to battle for front entrance and to secure status. Therefore, while a few managed to break throug h, most ethnic groups were consistently refused entrance. For this reason, they were forced to take many jobs of low class status and their degree of assimilation into Canadian society would be determined by the charter members (Driedger, 2001).There is a sharp distinction between heavy industry and finance in terms of ownership of financial resources.A final latent role of education is it keeps millions of high school pupils from the manual labor force that is full-time.

In the years following World War II, the French Canadians of Quebec have sought greater independence (Driedger, 2001). Their discontent resulted in the establishment of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1963, which emphasized the notion of an â€Å"equal partnership† (Driedger, 2001, p. 21). Even though charter dualism is not articulated in the Canadian constitution, the Quebec provincials believed that their one-third French-speaking status along with the growing number of languages spoken by non-charter members warranted a reclassification to at the very least bilingualism and at the most, an acknowledgement of multiculturalism that would remove existing cultural barriers and provide greater social access.Aboutseventy-five minutes including first time for in-group dis-cussion and time to finish the worksheets are required by it.Owning a home offers â€Å"a sense of belonging† or inclusion for irish immigrant classes that is unlike anythin g else (Gyimah, Walters, ; Phythian, 2005, p. 338).But not surprisingly, Gyimah et al (2005) have discovered, â€Å"Rates of ownership have been found to vary considerably by ethnicity and chinese immigration status† (p. 338).Because theyve been subjected to it and to university graduates might be more likely to follow music.

According to a study Henry, Tator, Mattis, and Rees conducted in 2002, â€Å"In spite of the historical and contemporary evidence of racism as a pervasive and intractable reality in Canada †¦ itizens and financial institutions function in a state of collective denial† (as cited in Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). Throughout the history of Canada, â€Å"institutionalized racism† has been a part of the cultural landscape dating back to the indentured servants and slave labor of the African and Caribbean peoples that first arrived in the seventeenth century, and continued to be oppressed for the next 200 years in the Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec provinces (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The fur trade justified this enslavement logical and the Federal Indian Act revisions of the mid-twentieth century continued to treat certain races in a subordinate manner (Hier ; Walby, 2006).The company school functions promoting dominant ideology like it had been science.Th erefore, not surprisingly, these students were more likely to drop out of school and be denied any hope of receiving a well-paying job.Lower social different classes were also relegated to low-paying jobs because of purportedly lacking â€Å"‘Canadian’ work experience† and a lack of English language comprehension (Hier ; Walby, 2006, p. 83). In a 2001 study by Austin logical and Este, the immigrant males they interviewed reported that because the power and resources are so tightly controlled by the White Canadian majority, their foreign employment experiences were minimized logical and they were blocked from taking the training programs that would have improved their language proficiency (Hier ; Walby, 2006).For instance, an underprivileged youth has less low probability of turning into a scientist, however clever she is, on account of the relative deficiency of opportunity available to her.

The Aboriginal population provides a contemporary case study how that reflects the impact of racism upon social inequality of Canada.The 2001 Canadian census lists a total of 976,310 Aboriginal peoples throughout the territories and provinces (Adelson, 2005). Of those, more than 600,000 are former Native Americans – referred to as First Nations – and live mostly in the provinces of Ontario, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan (Adelson, 2005). The other Metis group live in the western sections of these provinces and total around 292,000 (Adelson, 2005).Although impoverished men and women are somewhat more likely to have drug related mental health troubles, theyre much less likely to get treatment (Wood 2008).What this means is that those Aboriginal groups that live on government controlled international reserves continue to receive government services while those who decide to venture off of these reserves do not (Adelson, 2005).Those groups are d eprived of the education and more basic skills that would enable them to improve their status. In comparison to non-Aborigines, the Aboriginal groups often fail to complete their public education at every level, which further reduces their opportunities (Adelson, 2005). In a 2002 study of off-reserve Aboriginals, less than half percent of these children complete the twelfth grade (Adelson, 2005).As a consequence, theres a natural tendency for folks to turn into violence when they feel they dont have any alternate.

This â€Å"circle of disadvantage† results in the Aboriginals being mired in poverty and forced to take low- paying migrant jobs that are often seasonal and provide nothing in the way of employment security (Adelson, 2005, p. 5). Solely on the basis of their ethnicity, these peoples are relegated to the social periphery and are deprived of anything remotely resembling power, prestige, or wealth. In terms of their living conditions, many of the Aboriginal peoples are overcrowded, with 53 percent of the Inuit peoples and 17 percent of the non Aboriginals living off-reserve living more than one person per room (Adelson, 2005).In the circumstances it might naive to think about.Despite their high adult mortality, the aboriginal population also has a high birth rate (Adelson, 2005). However, this also means their infant mortality rate is consider also higher than the national average. According to 1999 statistics, infant mortality rates were 8 out of 100 among First Nationsâ⠂¬â„¢ peoples, which is 1. 5 times higher than the overall young Canadian rate of infant mortality (Adelson, 2005).Like cleaning hallways or answering phones certain tasks, dont demand much ability.

Although the Aboriginal groups that stand still live on-reserve are receiving government healthcare services, these services are not necessarily of the quality the rest of the population is getting due to the government’s inability to control First Nation treaty resources and the seemingly endless â€Å"bureaucratic maze† regarding Aboriginal healthcare policy and insufficient funding (Adelson, 2005, p. 45). Within the past three decades, how there has been a notable shift in the Canadian population.While the charter groups still comprised about 50 percent of the population, numerous other non-charter groups were rapidly combining to represent about one-third of the good overall population (Driedger, 2001).Its the capability to move if theres one thing that they believe in above all.The British population decrease has in no way adversely impacted their prestigious position or political influence. English is still the dominant language and European ancestry determi nes esteemed class status. Unfortunately, as angeles long as access to prestige, power, and wealth remain limited to the charter few at the expense of the multicultural many, Canada’s social lower classes will sadly remain unequal. References Adelson, N.Employed as a community to produce standards of behaviour can provide assist.

(2001). Changing visions in ethnic relations. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 26(3), 421-451. Gyimah, S.(2005). Ethnicity, immigration and housing wealth in Toronto. Canadian Journal of Urban Research, 14(2), 338-363. Hier, S.Canadian Ethnic Studies Journal, 26(1), 83-104.Macionis, J. J. , ; Gerber, L.Retrieved late May 21, 2008, from http://wps. pearsoned. ca/ca_ph_macionis_sociology_6/73/18923/4844438. cw/index.